path: root/docs/quantum_painter.md

# Quantum Painter :id=quantum-painter

Quantum Painter is the standardised API for graphical displays. It currently includes support for basic drawing primitives, as well as custom images, animations, and fonts.

Due to the complexity, there is no support for Quantum Painter on AVR-based boards.

To enable overall Quantum Painter to be built into your firmware, add the following to `rules.mk`:

```make
QUANTUM_PAINTER_ENABLE = yes
QUANTUM_PAINTER_DRIVERS += ......
```

You will also likely need to select an appropriate driver in `rules.mk`, which is listed below.

!> Quantum Painter is not currently integrated with system-level operations such as disabling displays after a configurable timeout, or when the keyboard goes into suspend. Users will need to handle this manually at the current time.

The QMK CLI can be used to convert from normal images such as PNG files or animated GIFs, as well as fonts from TTF files.

Supported devices:

| Display Panel  | Panel Type         | Size             | Comms Transport | Driver                                      |
|----------------|--------------------|------------------|-----------------|---------------------------------------------|
| GC9A01         | RGB LCD (circular) | 240x240          | SPI + D/C + RST | `QUANTUM_PAINTER_DRIVERS += gc9a01_spi`     |
| ILI9163        | RGB LCD            | 128x128          | SPI + D/C + RST | `QUANTUM_PAINTER_DRIVERS += ili9163_spi`    |
| ILI9341        | RGB LCD            | 240x320          | SPI + D/C + RST | `QUANTUM_PAINTER_DRIVERS += ili9341_spi`    |
| ILI9488        | RGB LCD            | 320x480          | SPI + D/C + RST | `QUANTUM_PAINTER_DRIVERS += ili9488_spi`    |
| SSD1351        | RGB OLED           | 128x128          | SPI + D/C + RST | `QUANTUM_PAINTER_DRIVERS += ssd1351_spi`    |
| ST7735         | RGB LCD            | 132x162, 80x160  | SPI + D/C + RST | `QUANTUM_PAINTER_DRIVERS += st7735_spi`     |
| ST7789         | RGB LCD            | 240x320, 240x240 | SPI + D/C + RST | `QUANTUM_PAINTER_DRIVERS += st7789_spi`     |
| RGB565 Surface | Virtual            | User-defined     | None            | `QUANTUM_PAINTER_DRIVERS += rgb565_surface` |

## Quantum Painter Configuration :id=quantum-painter-config

| Option                                   | Default | Purpose                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|------------------------------------------|---------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `QUANTUM_PAINTER_DISPLAY_TIMEOUT`        | `30000` | This controls the amount of time (in milliseconds) that all displays will remain on after the last user input. If set to `0`, the display will remain on indefinitely.                       |
| `QUANTUM_PAINTER_TASK_THROTTLE`          | `1`     | This controls the amount of time (in milliseconds) that the Quantum Painter internal task will wait between each execution. Affects animations, display timeout, and LVGL timing if enabled. |
| `QUANTUM_PAINTER_NUM_IMAGES`             | `8`     | The maximum number of images/animations that can be loaded at any one time.                                                                                                                  |
| `QUANTUM_PAINTER_NUM_FONTS`              | `4`     | The maximum number of fonts that can be loaded at any one time.                                                                                                                              |
| `QUANTUM_PAINTER_CONCURRENT_ANIMATIONS`  | `4`     | The maximum number of animations that can be executed at the same time.                                                                                                                      |
| `QUANTUM_PAINTER_LOAD_FONTS_TO_RAM`      | `FALSE` | Whether or not fonts should be loaded to RAM. Relevant for fonts stored in off-chip persistent storage, such as external flash.                                                              |
| `QUANTUM_PAINTER_PIXDATA_BUFFER_SIZE`    | `32`    | The limit of the amount of pixel data that can be transmitted in one transaction to the display. Higher values require more RAM on the MCU.                                                  |
| `QUANTUM_PAINTER_SUPPORTS_256_PALETTE`   | `FALSE` | If 256-color palettes are supported. Requires significantly more RAM on the MCU.                                                                                                             |
| `QUANTUM_PAINTER_SUPPORTS_NATIVE_COLORS` | `FALSE` | If native color range is supported. Requires significantly more RAM on the MCU.                                                                                                              |
| `QUANTUM_PAINTER_DEBUG`                  | _unset_ | Prints out significant amounts of debugging information to CONSOLE output. Significant performance degradation, use only for debugging.                                                      |

Drivers have their own set of configurable options, and are described in their respective sections.

## Quantum Painter CLI Commands :id=quantum-painter-cli

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### ** `qmk painter-convert-graphics` **

This command converts images to a format usable by QMK, i.e. the QGF File Format.

**Usage**:

```
usage: qmk painter-convert-graphics [-h] [-w] [-d] [-r] -f FORMAT [-o OUTPUT] -i INPUT [-v]

options:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -w, --raw             Writes out the QGF file as raw data instead of c/h combo.
  -d, --no-deltas       Disables the use of delta frames when encoding animations.
  -r, --no-rle          Disables the use of RLE when encoding images.
  -f FORMAT, --format FORMAT
                        Output format, valid types: rgb888, rgb565, pal256, pal16, pal4, pal2, mono256, mono16, mono4, mono2
  -o OUTPUT, --output OUTPUT
                        Specify output directory. Defaults to same directory as input.
  -i INPUT, --input INPUT
                        Specify input graphic file.
  -v, --verbose         Turns on verbose output.
```

The `INPUT` argument can be any image file loadable by Python's Pillow module. Common formats include PNG, or Animated GIF.

The `OUTPUT` argument needs to be a directory, and will default to the same directory as the input argument.

The `FORMAT` argument can be any of the following:

| Format    | Meaning                                                                                   |
|-----------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `rgb888`  | 16,777,216 colors in 8-8-8 RGB format (requires `QUANTUM_PAINTER_SUPPORTS_NATIVE_COLORS`) |
| `rgb565`  | 65,536 colors in 5-6-5 RGB format (requires `QUANTUM_PAINTER_SUPPORTS_NATIVE_COLORS`)     |
| `pal256`  | 256-color palette (requires `QUANTUM_PAINTER_SUPPORTS_256_PALETTE`)                       |
| `pal16`   | 16-color palette                                                                          |
| `pal4`    | 4-color palette                                                                           |
| `pal2`    | 2-color palette                                                                           |
| `mono256` | 256-shade grayscale (requires `QUANTUM_PAINTER_SUPPORTS_256_PALETTE`)                     |
| `mono16`  | 16-shade grayscale                                                                        |
| `mono4`   | 4-shade grayscale                                                                         |
| `mono2`   | 2-shade grayscale                                                                         |

**Examples**:

```
$ cd /home/qmk/qmk_firmware/keyboards/my_keeb
$ qmk painter-convert-graphics -f mono16 -i my_image.gif -o ./generated/
Writing /home/qmk/qmk_firmware/keyboards/my_keeb/generated/my_image.qgf.h...
Writing /home/qmk/qmk_firmware/keyboards/my_keeb/generated/my_image.qgf.c...
```

### ** `qmk painter-make-font-image` **

This command converts a TTF font to an intermediate format for editing, before converting to the QFF File Format.

**Usage**:

```
usage: qmk painter-make-font-image [-h] [-a] [-u UNICODE_GLYPHS] [-n] [-s SIZE] -o OUTPUT -f FONT

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -a, --no-aa           Disable anti-aliasing on fonts.
  -u UNICODE_GLYPHS, --unicode-glyphs UNICODE_GLYPHS
                        Also generate the specified unicode glyphs.
  -n, --no-ascii        Disables output of the full ASCII character set (0x20..0x7E), exporting only the glyphs specified.
  -s SIZE, --size SIZE  Specify font size. Default 12.
  -o OUTPUT, --output OUTPUT
                        Specify output image path.
  -f FONT, --font FONT  Specify input font file.
```

The `FONT` argument is generally a TrueType Font file (TTF).

The `OUTPUT` argument is the output image to generate, generally something like `my_font.png`.

The `UNICODE_GLYPHS` argument allows for specifying extra unicode glyphs to generate, and accepts a string.

**Examples**:

```
$ qmk painter-make-font-image --font NotoSans-ExtraCondensedBold.ttf --size 11 -o noto11.png --unicode-glyphs "ĄȽɂɻɣɈʣ"
```

### ** `qmk painter-convert-font-image` **

This command converts an intermediate font image to the QFF File Format.

This command expects an image that conforms to the following format:

* Top-left pixel (at `0,0`) is the "delimiter" color:
    * Each glyph in the font starts when a pixel of this color is found on the first row
    * The first row is discarded when converting to the QFF format
* The number of delimited glyphs must match the supplied arguments to the command:
    * The full ASCII set `0x20..0x7E` (if `--no-ascii` was not specified)
    * The corresponding number of unicode glyphs if any were specified with `--unicode-glyphs`
* The order of the glyphs matches the ASCII set, if any, followed by the Unicode glyph set, if any.

**Usage**:

```
usage: qmk painter-convert-font-image [-h] [-w] [-r] -f FORMAT [-u UNICODE_GLYPHS] [-n] [-o OUTPUT] [-i INPUT]

options:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -w, --raw             Writes out the QFF file as raw data instead of c/h combo.
  -r, --no-rle          Disable the use of RLE to minimise converted image size.
  -f FORMAT, --format FORMAT
                        Output format, valid types: rgb565, pal256, pal16, pal4, pal2, mono256, mono16, mono4, mono2
  -u UNICODE_GLYPHS, --unicode-glyphs UNICODE_GLYPHS
                        Also generate the specified unicode glyphs.
  -n, --no-ascii        Disables output of the full ASCII character set (0x20..0x7E), exporting only the glyphs specified.
  -o OUTPUT, --output OUTPUT
                        Specify output directory. Defaults to same directory as input.
  -i INPUT, --input INPUT
                        Specify input graphic file.
```

The same arguments for `--no-ascii` and `--unicode-glyphs` need to be specified, as per `qmk painter-make-font-image`.

**Examples**:

```
$ cd /home/qmk/qmk_firmware/keyboards/my_keeb
$ qmk painter-convert-font-image --input noto11.png -f mono4 --unicode-glyphs "ĄȽɂɻɣɈʣ"
Writing /home/qmk/qmk_firmware/keyboards/my_keeb/generated/noto11.qff.h...
Writing /home/qmk/qmk_firmware/keyboards/my_keeb/generated/noto11.qff.c...
```

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## Quantum Painter Display Drivers :id=quantum-painter-drivers

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### ** Common: Standard TFT (SPI + D/C + RST) **

Most TFT display panels use a 5-pin interface -- SPI SCK, SPI MOSI, SPI CS, D/C, and RST pins.

For these displays, QMK's `spi_master` must already be correctly configured for the platform you're building for.

The pin assignments for SPI CS, D/C, and RST are specified during device construction.

<!-- tabs:start -->

#### ** GC9A01 **

Enabling support for the GC9A01 in Quantum Painter is done by adding the following to `rules.mk`:

```make
QUANTUM_PAINTER_ENABLE = yes
QUANTUM_PAINTER_DRIVERS += gc9a01_spi
```

Creating a GC9A01 device in firmware can then be done with the following API:

```c
painter_device_t qp_gc9a01_make_spi_device(uint16_t panel_width, uint16_t panel_height, pin_t chip_select_pin, pin_t dc_pin, pin_t reset_pin, uint16_t spi_divisor, int spi_mode);
```

The device handle returned from the `qp_gc9a01_make_spi_device` function can be used to perform all other drawing operations.

The maximum number of displays can be configured by changing the following in your `config.h` (default is 1):

```c
// 3 displays:
#define GC9A01_NUM_DEVICES 3
```

Native color format rgb565 is compatible with GC9A01

#### ** ILI9163 **

Enabling support for the ILI9163 in Quantum Painter is done by adding the following to `rules.mk`:

```make
QUANTUM_PAINTER_ENABLE = yes
QUANTUM_PAINTER_DRIVERS += ili9163_spi
```

Creating a ILI9163 device in firmware can then be done with the following API:

```c
painter_device_t qp_ili9163_make_spi_device(uint16_t panel_width, uint16_t panel_height, pin_t chip_select_pin, pin_t dc_pin, pin_t reset_pin, uint16_t spi_divisor, int spi_mode);
```

The device handle returned from the `qp_ili9163_make_spi_device` function can be used to perform all other drawing operations.

The maximum number of displays can be configured by changing the following in your `config.h` (default is 1):

```c
// 3 displays:
#define ILI9163_NUM_DEVICES 3
```

Native color format rgb565 is compatible with ILI9163

#### ** ILI9341 **

Enabling support for the ILI9341 in Quantum Painter is done by adding the following to `rules.mk`:

```make
QUANTUM_PAINTER_ENABLE = yes
QUANTUM_PAINTER_DRIVERS += ili9341_spi
```

Creating a ILI9341 device in firmware can then be done with the following API:

```c
painter_device_t qp_ili9341_make_spi_device(uint16_t panel_width, uint16_t panel_height, pin_t chip_select_pin, pin_t dc_pin, pin_t reset_pin, uint16_t spi_divisor, int spi_mode);
```

The device handle returned from the `qp_ili9341_make_spi_device` function can be used to perform all other drawing operations.

The maximum number of displays can be configured by changing the following in your `config.h` (default is 1):

```c
// 3 displays:
#define ILI9341_NUM_DEVICES 3
```

Native color format rgb565 is compatible with ILI9341

#### ** ILI9488 **

Enabling support for the ILI9488 in Quantum Painter is done by adding the following to `rules.mk`:

```make
QUANTUM_PAINTER_ENABLE = yes
QUANTUM_PAINTER_DRIVERS += ili9488_spi
```

Creating a ILI9488 device in firmware can then be done with the following API:

```c
painter_device_t qp_ili9488_make_spi_device(uint16_t panel_width, uint16_t panel_height, pin_t chip_select_pin, pin_t dc_pin, pin_t reset_pin, uint16_t spi_divisor, int spi_mode);
```

The device handle returned from the `qp_ili9488_make_spi_device` function can be used to perform all other drawing operations.

The maximum number of displays can be configured by changing the following in your `config.h` (default is 1):

```c
// 3 displays:
#define ILI9488_NUM_DEVICES 3
```

Native color format rgb888 is compatible with ILI9488

#### ** SSD1351 **

Enabling support for the SSD1351 in Quantum Painter is done by adding the following to `rules.mk`:

```make
QUANTUM_PAINTER_ENABLE = yes
QUANTUM_PAINTER_DRIVERS += ssd1351_spi
```

Creating a SSD1351 device in firmware can then be done with the following API:

```c
painter_device_t qp_ssd1351_make_spi_device(uint16_t panel_width, uint16_t panel_height, pin_t chip_select_pin, pin_t dc_pin, pin_t reset_pin, uint16_t spi_divisor, int spi_mode);
```

The device handle returned from the `qp_ssd1351_make_spi_device` function can be used to perform all other drawing operations.

The maximum number of displays can be configured by changing the following in your `config.h` (default is 1):

```c
// 3 displays:
#define SSD1351_NUM_DEVICES 3
```

Native color format rgb565 is compatible with SSD1351

#### ** ST7735 **

Enabling support for the ST7735 in Quantum Painter is done by adding the following to `rules.mk`:

```make
QUANTUM_PAINTER_ENABLE = yes
QUANTUM_PAINTER_DRIVERS += st7735_spi
```

Creating a ST7735 device in firmware can then be done with the following API:

```c
painter_device_t qp_st7735_make_spi_device(uint16_t panel_width, uint16_t panel_height, pin_t chip_select_pin, pin_t dc_pin, pin_t reset_pin, uint16_t spi_divisor, int spi_mode);
```

The device handle returned from the `qp_st7735_make_spi_device` function can be used to perform all other drawing operations.

The maximum number of displays can be configured by changing the following in your `config.h` (default is 1):

```c
// 3 displays:
#define ST7735_NUM_DEVICES 3
```

Native color format rgb565 is compatible with ST7735

!> Some ST7735 devices are known to have different drawing offsets -- despite being a 132x162 pixel display controller internally, some display panels are only 80x160, or smaller. These may require an offset to be applied; see `qp_set_viewport_offsets` above for information on how to override the offsets if they aren't correctly rendered.

#### ** ST7789 **

Enabling support for the ST7789 in Quantum Painter is done by adding the following to `rules.mk`:

```make
QUANTUM_PAINTER_ENABLE = yes
QUANTUM_PAINTER_DRIVERS += st7789_spi
```

Creating a ST7789 device in firmware can then be done with the following API:

```c
painter_device_t qp_st7789_make_spi_device(uint16_t panel_width, uint16_t panel_height, pin_t chip_select_pin, pin_t dc_pin, pin_t reset_pin, uint16_t spi_divisor, int spi_mode);
```

The device handle returned from the `qp_st7789_make_spi_device` function can be used to perform all other drawing operations.

The maximum number of displays can be configured by changing the following in your `config.h` (default is 1):

```c
// 3 displays:
#define ST7789_NUM_DEVICES 3
```

Native color format rgb565 is compatible with ST7789

!> Some ST7789 devices are known to have different drawing offsets -- despite being a 240x320 pixel display controller internally, some display panels are only 240x240, or smaller. These may require an offset to be applied; see `qp_set_viewport_offsets` above for information on how to override the offsets if they aren't correctly rendered.

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### ** Common: Surfaces **

Quantum Painter has surface drivers which are able to target a buffer in RAM. In general, surfaces keep track of the "dirty" region -- the area that has been drawn to since the last flush -- so that when transferring to the display they can transfer the minimal amount of data to achieve the end result.

!> These generally require significant amounts of RAM, so at large sizes and/or higher bit depths, they may not be usable on all MCUs.

<!-- tabs:start -->

#### ** RGB565 Surface **

Enabling support for RGB565 surfaces in Quantum Painter is done by adding the following to `rules.mk`:

```make
QUANTUM_PAINTER_ENABLE = yes
QUANTUM_PAINTER_DRIVERS += rgb565_surface
```

Creating a RGB565 surface in firmware can then be done with the following API:

```c
painter_device_t qp_rgb565_make_surface(uint16_t panel_width, uint16_t panel_height, void *buffer);
```

The `buffer` is a user-supplied area of memory, and is assumed to be of the size `sizeof(uint16_t) * panel_width * panel_height`.

The device handle returned from the `qp_rgb565_make_surface` function can be used to perform all other drawing operations.

Example:

```c
static painter_device_t my_surface;
static uint16_t my_framebuffer[320 * 240]; // Allocate a buffer for a 320x240 RGB565 display
void keyboard_post_init_kb(void) {
    my_surface = qp_rgb565_make_surface(320, 240, my_framebuffer);
    qp_init(my_surface, QP_ROTATION_0);
}
```

The maximum number of RGB565 surfaces can be configured by changing the following in your `config.h` (default is 1):

```c
// 3 surfaces:
#define RGB565_SURFACE_NUM_DEVICES 3
```

To transfer the contents of the RGB565 surface to another display, the following API can be invoked:

```c
bool qp_rgb565_surface_draw(painter_device_t surface, painter_device_t display, uint16_t x, uint16_t y);
```

The `surface` is the surface to copy out from. The `display` is the target display to draw into. `x` and `y` are the target location to draw the surface pixel data. Under normal circumstances, the location should be consistent, as the dirty region is calculated with respect to the `x` and `y` coordinates -- changing those will result in partial, overlapping draws.

?> Calling `qp_flush()` on the surface resets its dirty region. Copying the surface contents to the display also automatically resets the dirty region.

<!-- tabs:end -->

<!-- tabs:end -->

## Quantum Painter Drawing API :id=quantum-painter-api

All APIs require a `painter_device_t` object as their first parameter -- this object comes from the specific device initialisation, and instructions on creating it can be found in each driver's respective section.

To use any of the APIs, you need to include `qp.h`:
```c
#include <qp.h>
```

<!-- tabs:start -->

### ** General Notes **

The coordinate system used in Quantum Painter generally accepts `left`, `top`, `right`, and `bottom` instead of x/y/width/height, and each coordinate is inclusive of where pixels should be drawn. This is required as some datatypes used by display panels have a maximum value of `255` -- for any value or geometry extent that matches `256`, this would be represented as a `0`, instead.

?> Drawing a horizontal line 8 pixels long, starting from 4 pixels inside the left side of the display, will need `left=4`, `right=11`.

All color data matches the standard QMK HSV triplet definitions:

* Hue is of the range `0...255` and is internally mapped to 0...360 degrees.
* Saturation is of the range `0...255` and is internally mapped to 0...100% saturation.
* Value is of the range `0...255` and is internally mapped to 0...100% brightness.

?> Colors used in Quantum Painter are not subject to the RGB lighting CIE curve, if it is enabled.

### ** Device Control **

<!-- tabs:start -->

#### ** Display Initialisation **

```c
bool qp_init(painter_device_t device, painter_rotation_t rotation);
```

The `qp_init` function is used to initialise a display device after it has been created. This accepts a rotation parameter (`QP_ROTATION_0`, `QP_ROTATION_90`, `QP_ROTATION_180`, `QP_ROTATION_270`), which makes sure that the orientation of what's drawn on the display is correct.

```c
static painter_device_t display;
void keyboard_post_init_kb(void) {
    display = qp_make_.......;         // Create the display
    qp_init(display, QP_ROTATION_0);   // Initialise the display
}
```

#### ** Display Power **

```c
bool qp_power(painter_device_t device, bool power_on);
```

The `qp_power` function instructs the display whether or not the display panel should be on or off.

!> If there is a separate backlight controlled through the normal QMK backlight API, this is not controlled by the `qp_power` function and needs to be manually handled elsewhere.

```c
static uint8_t last_backlight = 255;
void suspend_power_down_user(void) {
    if (last_backlight == 255) {
        last_backlight = get_backlight_level();
    }
    backlight_set(0);
    rgb_matrix_set_suspend_state(true);
    qp_power(display, false);
}

void suspend_wakeup_init_user(void) {
    qp_power(display, true);
    rgb_matrix_set_suspend_state(false);
    if (last_backlight != 255) {
        backlight_set(last_backlight);
    }
    last_backlight = 255;
}
```

#### ** Display Clear **

```c
bool qp_clear(painter_device_t device);
```

The `qp_clear` function clears the display's screen.

#### ** Display Flush **

```c
bool qp_flush(painter_device_t device);
```

The `qp_flush` function ensures that all drawing operations are "pushed" to the display. This should be done as the last operation whenever a sequence of draws occur, and guarantees that any changes are applied.

!> Some display panels may seem to work even without a call to `qp_flush` -- this may be because the driver cannot queue drawing operations and needs to display them immediately when invoked. In general, calling `qp_flush` at the end is still considered "best practice".

```c
void housekeeping_task_user(void) {
    static uint32_t last_draw = 0;
    if (timer_elapsed32(last_draw) > 33) { // Throttle to 30fps
        last_draw = timer_read32();
        // Draw a rect based off the current RGB color
        qp_rect(display, 0, 7, 0, 239, rgb_matrix_get_hue(), 255, 255);
        qp_flush(display);
    }
}
```

<!-- tabs:end -->

### ** Drawing Primitives **

<!-- tabs:start -->

#### ** Set Pixel **

```c
bool qp_setpixel(painter_device_t device, uint16_t x, uint16_t y, uint8_t hue, uint8_t sat, uint8_t val);
```

The `qp_setpixel` can be used to set a specific pixel on the screen to the supplied color.

?> Using `qp_setpixel` for large amounts of drawing operations is inefficient and should be avoided unless they cannot be achieved with other drawing APIs.

```c
void housekeeping_task_user(void) {
    static uint32_t last_draw = 0;
    if (timer_elapsed32(last_draw) > 33) { // Throttle to 30fps
        last_draw = timer_read32();
        // Draw a 240px high vertical rainbow line on X=0:
        for (int i = 0; i < 239; ++i) {
            qp_setpixel(display, 0, i, i, 255, 255);
        }
        qp_flush(display);
    }
}
```

#### ** Draw Line **

```c
bool qp_line(painter_device_t device, uint16_t x0, uint16_t y0, uint16_t x1, uint16_t y1, uint8_t hue, uint8_t sat, uint8_t val);
```

The `qp_line` can be used to draw lines on the screen with the supplied color.

```c
void housekeeping_task_user(void) {
    static uint32_t last_draw = 0;
    if (timer_elapsed32(last_draw) > 33) { // Throttle to 30fps
        last_draw = timer_read32();
        // Draw 8px-wide rainbow down the left side of the display
        for (int i = 0; i < 239; ++i) {
            qp_line(display, 0, i, 7, i, i, 255, 255);
        }
        qp_flush(display);
    }
}
```

#### ** Draw Rect **

```c
bool qp_rect(painter_device_t device, uint16_t left, uint16_t top, uint16_t right, uint16_t bottom, uint8_t hue, uint8_t sat, uint8_t val, bool filled);
```

The `qp_rect` can be used to draw rectangles on the screen with the supplied color, with or without a background fill. If not filled, any pixels inside the rectangle will be left as-is.

```c
void housekeeping_task_user(void) {
    static uint32_t last_draw = 0;
    if (timer_elapsed32(last_draw) > 33) { // Throttle to 30fps
        last_draw = timer_read32();
        // Draw 8px-wide rainbow filled rectangles down the left side of the display
        for (int i = 0; i < 239; i+=8) {
            qp_rect(display, 0, i, 7, i+7, i, 255, 255, true);
        }
        qp_flush(display);
    }
}
```

#### ** Draw Circle **

```c
bool qp_circle(painter_device_t device, uint16_t x, uint16_t y, uint16_t radius, uint8_t hue, uint8_t sat, uint8_t val, bool filled);
```

The `qp_circle` can be used to draw circles on the screen with the supplied color, with or without a background fill. If not filled, any pixels inside the circle will be left as-is.

```c
void housekeeping_task_user(void) {
    static uint32_t last_draw = 0;
    if (timer_elapsed32(last_draw) > 33) { // Throttle to 30fps
        last_draw = timer_read32();
        // Draw r=4 filled circles down the left side of the display
        for (int i = 0; i < 239; i+=8) {
            qp_circle(display, 4, 4+i, 4, i, 255, 255, true);
        }
        qp_flush(display);
    }
}
```

#### ** Draw Ellipse **

```c
bool qp_ellipse(painter_device_t device, uint16_t x, uint16_t y, uint16_t sizex, uint16_t sizey, uint8_t hue, uint8_t sat, uint8_t val, bool filled);
```

The `qp_ellipse` can be used to draw ellipses on the screen with the supplied color, with or without a background fill. If not filled, any pixels inside the ellipses will be left as-is.

```c
void housekeeping_task_user(void) {
    static uint32_t last_draw = 0;
    if (timer_elapsed32(last_draw) > 33) { // Throttle to 30fps
        last_draw = timer_read32();
        // Draw 16x8 filled ellipses down the left side of the display
        for (int i = 0; i < 239; i+=8) {
            qp_ellipse(display, 8, 4+i, 16, 8, i, 255, 255, true);
        }
        qp_flush(display);
    }
}
```

<!-- tabs:end -->

### ** Image Functions **

Making an image available for use requires compiling it into your firmware. To do so, assuming you've created `my_image.qgf.c` and `my_image.qgf.h` as per the CLI examples above, you'd add the following to your `rules.mk`:

```make
SRC += my_image.qgf.c
```

...and in your `keymap.c`, you'd add to the top of the file:
```c
#include "my_image.qgf.h"
```

<!-- tabs:start -->

#### ** Load Image **

```c
painter_image_handle_t qp_load_image_mem(const void *buffer);
```

The `qp_load_image_mem` function loads a QGF image from memory or flash.

`qp_load_image_mem` returns a handle to the loaded image, which can then be used to draw to the screen using `qp_drawimage`, `qp_drawimage_recolor`, `qp_animate`, or `qp_animate_recolor`. If an image is no longer required, it can be unloaded by calling `qp_close_image` below.

See the [CLI Commands](quantum_painter.md?id=quantum-painter-cli) for instructions on how to convert images to [QGF](quantum_painter_qgf.md).

?> The total number of images available to load at any one time is controlled by the configurable option `QUANTUM_PAINTER_NUM_IMAGES` in the table above. If more images are required, the number should be increased in `config.h`.

Image information is available through accessing the handle:

| Property    | Accessor             |
|-------------|----------------------|
| Width       | `image->width`       |
| Height      | `image->height`      |
| Frame Count | `image->frame_count` |

#### ** Unload Image **

```c
bool qp_close_image(painter_image_handle_t image);
```

The `qp_close_image` function releases resources related to the loading of the supplied image.

#### ** Draw image **

```c
bool qp_drawimage(painter_device_t device, uint16_t x, uint16_t y, painter_image_handle_t image);
bool qp_drawimage_recolor(painter_device_t device, uint16_t x, uint16_t y, painter_image_handle_t image, uint8_t hue_fg, uint8_t sat_fg, uint8_t val_fg, uint8_t hue_bg, uint8_t sat_bg, uint8_t val_bg);
```

The `qp_drawimage` and `qp_drawimage_recolor` functions draw the supplied image to the screen at the supplied location, with the latter function allowing for monochrome-based images to be recolored.

```c
// Draw an image on the bottom-right of the 240x320 display on initialisation
static painter_image_handle_t my_image;
void keyboard_post_init_kb(void) {
    my_image = qp_load_image_mem(gfx_my_image);
    if (my_image != NULL) {
        qp_drawimage(display, (239 - my_image->width), (319 - my_image->height), my_image);
    }
}
```

#### ** Animate Image **

```c
deferred_token qp_animate(painter_device_t device, uint16_t x, uint16_t y, painter_image_handle_t image);
deferred_token qp_animate_recolor(painter_device_t device, uint16_t x, uint16_t y, painter_image_handle_t image, uint8_t hue_fg, uint8_t sat_fg, uint8_t val_fg, uint8_t hue_bg, uint8_t sat_bg, uint8_t val_bg);
```

The `qp_animate` and `qp_animate_recolor` functions draw the supplied image to the screen at the supplied location, with the latter function allowing for monochrome-based animations to be recolored. They also set up internal timing such that each frame is rendered at the correct time as per the animated image.

Once an image has been set to animate, it will loop indefinitely until stopped, with no user intervention required.

Both functions return a `deferred_token`, which can then be used to stop the animation, using `qp_stop_animation` below.

```c
// Animate an image on the bottom-right of the 240x320 display on initialisation
static painter_image_handle_t my_image;
static deferred_token my_anim;
void keyboard_post_init_kb(void) {
    my_image = qp_load_image_mem(gfx_my_image);
    if (my_image != NULL) {
        my_an