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* [WIP] prometheus module fake_stats testprometheustv2019-12-291-0/+4
| | | | Based on 51053ebb9ea7068b7a4e6bff11a470d4c4dedb37
* Introduce helper functions for safe fork+exec of processesHarald Welte2019-12-171-2/+8
| | | | | | | | | | In some situations, we want to execute an external shell command in a non-blocking way. Similar to 'system', but without waiting for the child to complete. We also want to close all file descriptors ahead of the exec() and filter + modify the environment. Change-Id: Ib24ac8a083db32e55402ce496a5eabd8749cc888 Related: OS#4332
* debian, utils: switch to python 3Oliver Smith2019-12-121-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Make build and external tests work with python3, so we can drop the python2 dependency. This should be merged shortly after osmo-python-tests was migrated to python3, and the jenkins build slaves were (automatically) updated to have the new osmo-python-tests installed. Related: OS#2819 Depends: osmo-python-tests I3ffc3519bf6c22536a49dad7a966188ddad351a7 Change-Id: I84ef43f700e125c7a65f92347f12844e07e65655
* logging/vty: fix: actually ignore deprecated logging commandsVadim Yanitskiy2019-11-211-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | We shall not prevent programs from starting if their configuration files contain deprecated 'logging level ...' commands. Just print a warning and return CMD_SUCCESS instead of CMD_WARNING. While writing a unit test, another funny bug has been uncovered. Parsing of a deprecated command indeed triggers a deprecation warning, originated from libosmovty's log_deprecated_func(). This function simply calls vty_out(), but... Since the invocation of the vty_out() happens _before_ the VTY is initialized, the process is actually writing that warning to its own stdin! Most likely, because we use talloc_zero() to allocate a new instance of struct 'vty'. As a side effect, the evil warning magically appears in the output of 'make check', breaking the test statistics. Let's work around this bug for now by redirecting stdin to /dev/null. Change-Id: Ia934581410cd41594791d4e14ee74c16abe1009a Fixes: Ic9c1b566ec4a459f03e6319cf369691903cf9d00
* gsm0508: add functions to calculate beginning of a blockPhilipp Maier2019-10-281-0/+5
| | | | | | | | | | | The calculation of the beginning of a block for TCH/F, TCH/H and FACCH can be challenging since those channels are affected by the diagonal interleaving of the TCH channels. However, GSM 05.02 Section 7 Table 1 of 5 specifies how the blocks are distributed over the TDMA frame interval. Lets add a mapping function that is based on that table Related: OS#3803 Change-Id: I3d71c66f8c401f5afbad9b1c86c24580dab9e0ce
* vty: Return error if cmd returns CMD_WARNING while reading cfg filePau Espin Pedrol2019-10-281-0/+1
| | | | | | | Otherwise bad configurations can easily sneak in and produce unexpected behavior. Change-Id: Ic9c1b566ec4a459f03e6319cf369691903cf9d00
* logging: Introduce mutex API to manage log_target in multi-thread envsPau Espin Pedrol2019-10-091-2/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | log_enable_multithread() enables use of locks inside the implementation. Lock use is disabled by default, this way only multi-thread processes need to enable it and suffer related complexity/performance penalties. Locks are required around osmo_log_target_list and items inside it, since targets can be used, modified and deleted by different threads concurrently (for instance, user writing "logging disable" in VTY while another thread is willing to write into that target). Multithread apps and libraries aiming at being used in multithread apps should update their code to use the locks introduced here when containing code iterating over osmo_log_target_list explictly or implicitly by obtaining a log_target (eg. osmo_log_vty2tgt()). Related: OS#4088 Change-Id: Id7711893b34263baacac6caf4d489467053131bb
* No fail if no /proc/cpuinfoRuben Undheim2019-09-261-1/+1
| | | | Change-Id: I4b9e12e34f69d98fa87179c7ee390e31001ec943
* context: Add support for [per-thread] global talloc contextsHarald Welte2019-08-271-0/+5
| | | | | | | | | | Rather than having applications maintain their own talloc cotexts, let's offer some root talloc contexts in libosmocore. Let's also make them per thread right from the beginning. This will help some multi-threaded applications to use talloc in a thread-safe way. Change-Id: Iae39cd57274bf6753ecaf186f229e582b42662e3
* fsm: support graceful osmo_fsm_inst_term() cascadesNeels Hofmeyr2019-04-111-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Add global flag osmo_fsm_term_safely() -- if set to true, enable the following behavior: Detect osmo_fsm_inst_term() occuring within osmo_fsm_inst_term(): - collect deallocations until the outermost osmo_fsm_inst_term() is done. - call osmo_fsm_inst_free() *after* dispatching the parent event. If a struct osmo_fsm_inst enters osmo_fsm_inst_term() while another is already within osmo_fsm_inst_term(), do not directly deallocate it, but talloc-reparent it to a separate talloc context, to be deallocated with the outermost FSM inst. The effect is that all osmo_fsm_inst freed within an osmo_fsm_inst_term() cascade will stay allocated until all osmo_fsm_inst_term() are complete and all of them will be deallocated at the same time. Mark the deferred deallocation state as __thread in an attempt to make cascaded deallocation handling threadsafe. Keep the enable/disable flag separate, so that it is global and not per-thread. The feature is showcased by fsm_dealloc_test.c: with this feature, all of those wild deallocation scenarios succeed. Make fsm_dealloc_test a normal regression test in testsuite.at. Rationale: It is difficult to gracefully handle deallocations of groups of FSM instances that reference each other. As soon as one child dispatching a cleanup event causes its parent to deallocate before fsm.c was ready for it, deallocation will hit a use-after-free. Before this patch, by using parent_term events and distinct "terminating" FSM states, parent/child FSMs can be taught to wait for all children to deallocate before deallocating the parent. But as soon as a non-child / non-parent FSM instance is involved, or actually any other cleanup() action that triggers parent FSMs or parent talloc contexts to become unused, it is near impossible to think of all possible deallocation events ricocheting, and to avoid running into freeing FSM instances that were still in the middle of osmo_fsm_inst_term(), or FSM instances to enter osmo_fsm_inst_term() more than once. This patch makes deallocation of "all possible" setups of complex cross referencing FSM instances easy to handle correctly, without running into use-after-free or double free situations, and, notably, without changing calling code. Change-Id: I8eda67540a1cd444491beb7856b9fcd0a3143b18
* add fsm_dealloc_test.cNeels Hofmeyr2019-04-111-1/+8
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Despite efforts to properly handle "GONE" events and entering a ST_DESTROYING only once, so far this test runs straight into a heap use-after-free. With current fsm.c, it is hard to resolve the situation with the objects named "other" also causing deallocations besides the FSM instance parent/child relations. For illustration, add an "expected" test output file fsm_dealloc_test.err, making this pass will follow in a subsequent patch. Change-Id: If801907c541bca9f524c9e5fd22ac280ca16979a
* add osmo_use_count APINeels Hofmeyr2019-04-081-0/+5
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Provide a common implementation of use counting that supports naming each user as well as counting more than just one use per user, depending on the rules the caller implies. In osmo-msc, we were originally using a simple int counter to see whether a connection is still in use or should be discarded. For clarity, we later added names to each user in the form of a bitmask of flags, to figure out exactly which users are still active: for logging and to debug double get / double put bugs. This however is still not adequate, since there may be more than one CM Service Request pending. Also, it is a specialized implementation that is not re-usable. With this generalized implementation, we can: - fix the problem of inadequate counting of multiple concurrent CM Service Requests (more than one use count per user category), - directly use arbitrary names for uses like __func__ or "foo" (no need to define enums and value_string[]s), - re-use the same code for e.g. vlr_subscr and get fairly detailed VLR susbscriber usage logging for free. Change-Id: Ife31e6798b4e728a23913179e346552a7dd338c0
* add osmo_sockaddr_str APINeels Hofmeyr2019-04-081-0/+5
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | For handling RTP IP addresses and ports, osmo-mgw, osmo-bsc and osmo-msc so far have their own separate shims and code duplication around inet_ntoa(), htons(), sockaddr conversions etc. Unify and standardize with this common API. In the MGW endpoint FSM that was introduced in osmo-bsc and which I would like to re-use for osmo-msc (upcoming patch moving that to osmo-mgw), it has turned out that using char* IP address and uint16_t port number types are a convenient common denominator for logging, MGCP message composition and GSM48. Ongoing osmo-msc work also uses this for MNCC. This is of course potentially useful for any other IP+port combinations besides RTP stream handling. Needless to say that most current implementations will probably stay with their current own conversion code for a long time; for current osmo-{bsc,msc,mgw} work (MGW endpoint FSM) though, I would like to move to this API here. Change-Id: Id617265337f09dfb6ddfe111ef5e578cd3dc9f63
* tests: use -no-install libtool flag to avoid ./lt-* scriptsHarald Welte2019-03-191-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | This ensures that the rpath of the generated binaries is set to use only the just-compiled libosmo{core,gsm,vty}.so and not any system-wide installed libraries while avoiding the ugly shell script wrapper. Change-Id: I9b9ae0ed277ba71519661a66a70b7f86971e4511
* platform independence fix: tdef range testsNeels Hofmeyr2019-02-061-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Run INT_MAX and ULONG_MAX related tests only manually, remove from automatic testing. This will hopefully fix recent build failures on various platforms. Add a 64 bit output example for expected results when invoking `./tdef_test range'. This is not checked automatically and merely serves for manual reference. For vty tests, use 32bit max values instead of INT_MAX and ULONG_MAX. Change-Id: I6242243bde1d7ddebb858512a1f0b07f4ec3e5c2
* add osmo_tdef API, originally adopted from osmo-bsc T_defNeels Hofmeyr2019-02-041-0/+36
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Move T_def from osmo-bsc to libosmocore as osmo_tdef. Adjust naming to be more consistent. Upgrade to first class API: - add timer grouping - add generic vty support - add mising API doc - add C test - add VTY transcript tests, also as examples for using the API From osmo_fsm_inst_state_chg() API doc, cross reference to osmo_tdef API. The root reason for moving to libosmocore is that I want to use the mgw_endpoint_fsm in osmo-msc for inter-MSC handover, and hence want to move the FSM to libosmo-mgcp-client. This FSM uses the T_def from osmo-bsc. Though the mgw_endpoint_fsm's use of T_def is minimal, I intend to use the osmo_tdef API in osmo-msc (and probably elsewhere) as well. libosmocore is the most sensible place for this. osmo_tdef provides: - a list of Tnnnn (GSM) timers with description, unit and default value. - vty UI to allow users to configure non-default timeouts. - API to tie T timers to osmo_fsm states and set them on state transitions. - a few standard units (minute, second, millisecond) as well as a custom unit (which relies on the timer's human readable description to indicate the meaning of the value). - conversion for standard units: for example, some GSM timers are defined in minutes, while our FSM definitions need timeouts in seconds. Conversion is for convenience only and can be easily avoided via the custom unit. By keeping separate osmo_tdef arrays, several groups of timers can be kept separately. The VTY tests in tests/tdef/ showcase different schemes: - tests/vty/tdef_vty_test_config_root.c: Keep several timer definitions in separately named groups: showcase the osmo_tdef_vty_groups*() API. Each timer group exists exactly once. - tests/vty/tdef_vty_test_config_subnode.c: Keep a single list of timers without separate grouping. Put this list on a specific subnode below the CONFIG_NODE. There could be several separate subnodes with timers like this, i.e. continuing from this example, sets timers could be separated by placing timers in specific config subnodes instead of using the global group name. - tests/vty/tdef_vty_test_dynamic.c: Dynamically allocate timer definitions per each new created object. Thus there can be an arbitrary number of independent timer definitions, one per allocated object. T_def was introduced during the recent osmo-bsc refactoring for inter-BSC handover, and has proven useful: - without osmo_tdef, each invocation of osmo_fsm_inst_state_chg() needs to be programmed with the right timeout value, for all code paths that invoke this state change. It is a likely source of errors to get one of them wrong. By defining a T timer exactly for an FSM state, the caller can merely invoke the state change and trust on the original state definition to apply the correct timeout. - it is helpful to have a standardized config file UI to provide user configurable timeouts, instead of inventing new VTY commands for each separate application of T timer numbers. Change-Id: Ibd6b1ed7f1bd6e1f2e0fde53352055a4468f23e5
* add generic vty_transcript_test.c, vty_transcript_test.vtyNeels Hofmeyr2019-02-041-2/+18
| | | | | | | | I want to tweak general VTY features and need to cover with a transcript test to show the differences. Start by showing the current situation of optional and multi-choice arguments. Change-Id: I5a79c83fabd02aba6406b6e0d620969c4bd0cc1d
* build: add missing logging_vty_test.vty to EXTRA_DISTNeels Hofmeyr2019-01-291-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | It was introduced and forgotten to add to EXTRA_DIST in: "logging vty: add VTY transcript test" commit 3a9ff11e574fa7ee19b1062b2c90151dbf7f0e27 change-Id I948e832a33131f8eab98651d6010ceb0ccbc9a9c Change-Id: I1bcedf3097f02b2adc679560d1cbceb27dbc345e
* LCLS, TS 29.205: add GCR routinesMax2018-12-141-2/+5
| | | | | | | | Add functions to encode and decode Global Call Reference as per 3GPP TS 29.205 Table B 2.1.9.1 add corresponding tests. Change-Id: Iee95aa4e5c056645b6cb5667e4a067097d52dfbf Related: OS#2487
* logging vty: add VTY transcript testNeels Hofmeyr2018-09-121-1/+29
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | I am setting out to refactor various details about logging. To show the effect, I am first adding this new test to illustrate the exact effects on the various osmo programs. Add logging_vty_test.c as a standalone program that simply defines a few logging categories and opens a telnet vty to play with. Add logging_vty_test.vty, as an osmo_verify_transcript_vty.py test script. Add --enable-external-tests to configure.ac, to enable running logging_vty_test.vty during 'make check'. Also allow running 'make vty-test' without the need to first configure with --enable-external-tests (a flexibility I've missed many times over in the other osmo source trees). Add a Makefile.am stub for external CTRL tests, basically a copy-paste from osmo-msc.git. I doubt that libosmocore will get python driven CTRL interface testing any time soon, but if so we will know to not run it concurrently. Change-Id: I948e832a33131f8eab98651d6010ceb0ccbc9a9c
* fix tests linking: don't use system installed libsNeels Hofmeyr2018-09-111-2/+13
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Do not link against the system-wide installed libosmo* libs when building the regression test programs. Always use the locally built ones. Linking some libosmo libraries causes libtool to pull in other libosmo libs even though they were not explicitly named. For example, ctrl_test explicitly links libosmoctrl, but this also has dependencies to libosmovty and libosmogsm: ldd src/ctrl/.libs/libosmoctrl.so | grep osmo libosmocore.so.11 => /usr/local/lib/libosmocore.so.11 (0x00007f26c26d4000) libosmogsm.so.10 => /usr/local/lib/libosmogsm.so.10 (0x00007f26c22bb000) libosmovty.so.4 => /usr/local/lib/libosmovty.so.4 (0x00007f26c2171000) If we omit explicit LDADD of these dependencies in the Makefile.am, libtool will take the first canonical place to find them, which may just be the already installed older versions of the same libs, which may or may not be compatible with the current build. In any case, it is never intended to link installed libs. All library dependencies are listed by this quick script: cd libosmocore for l in $(find . -name "*.so") ; do echo; echo "$l"; ldd $l | grep libosmo; done ./.libs/libosmocore.so ./coding/.libs/libosmocoding.so libosmocore.so.11 => /usr/local/lib/libosmocore.so.11 (0x00007f25fc3c2000) libosmogsm.so.10 => /usr/local/lib/libosmogsm.so.10 (0x00007f25fbfa9000) libosmocodec.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libosmocodec.so.0 (0x00007f25fbf9b000) ./codec/.libs/libosmocodec.so libosmocore.so.11 => /usr/local/lib/libosmocore.so.11 (0x00007fb4c900d000) ./ctrl/.libs/libosmoctrl.so libosmocore.so.11 => /usr/local/lib/libosmocore.so.11 (0x00007f5df5129000) libosmogsm.so.10 => /usr/local/lib/libosmogsm.so.10 (0x00007f5df4d10000) libosmovty.so.4 => /usr/local/lib/libosmovty.so.4 (0x00007f5df4bc6000) ./gb/.libs/libosmogb.so libosmocore.so.11 => /usr/local/lib/libosmocore.so.11 (0x00007f788e536000) libosmovty.so.4 => /usr/local/lib/libosmovty.so.4 (0x00007f788e3ec000) libosmogsm.so.10 => /usr/local/lib/libosmogsm.so.10 (0x00007f788dfd3000) ./vty/.libs/libosmovty.so libosmocore.so.11 => /usr/local/lib/libosmocore.so.11 (0x00007f3b7ed21000) ./gsm/.libs/libosmogsm.so libosmocore.so.11 => /usr/local/lib/libosmocore.so.11 (0x00007fc69472e000) ./sim/.libs/libosmosim.so libosmocore.so.11 => /usr/local/lib/libosmocore.so.11 (0x00007f2f6412d000) libosmogsm.so.10 => /usr/local/lib/libosmogsm.so.10 (0x00007f2f63d14000) Add all explicit linking of all required library dependencies in all regression test programs, as shown by above listing. Example for reproducing a problem: In libosmocore.a, introduce a new function, and call that from libosmovty code. For example, I made loglevel_strs non-static in logging.c, and used that in logging_vty.c. Build and install this in a place where libtool can find it. Then go back to before this change and rebuild. You will see that linking ctrl_test (before this patch) then complains about libosmovty requiring the loglevel_strs symbol which it cannot find in libosmocore.so. Change-Id: Id084e6e6efd25cd62b1bd7a4fc7c5985c39130c6
* import oap_client_test from osmo-sgsnHarald Welte2018-07-301-2/+7
| | | | | | | As oap_client has moved from osmo-sgsn to libosmogsm, it is only fair that the related unit test shall also be moved here. Change-Id: I9d64e10b4bacac9b530cf077841bad762fc6d558
* utils_test: check stderr to catch sanitizer issuesNeels Hofmeyr2018-07-201-1/+1
| | | | | | | Recent OS#3407 shows that we should verify stderr to catch sanitizer failures. (They might not always be ignorable like that one.) Change-Id: Ic9e437a1cc96ae081e0fd6a9b6e3156987e14c0c
* Don't enforce Python 2 for utilitiesVadim Yanitskiy2018-07-021-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | The conv_gen.py utility was tested against both Python 2 and 3, so there is no need to enforce Python 2. Also, having: #!/usr/local/bin/python{2|3} is a bad idea, because Python may be installed in a different location. Change-Id: I6007d481047b584db13d6eda70fb99f11f9ddaa1
* configure: Check separately for lib implementing dlopen and dlsymPau Espin Pedrol2018-05-041-3/+3
| | | | | | | | | | Sometimes the library probiding dlopen is not the same one providing dlsym. This is the case when compiling with AddressSanitizer enabled. In this case, AC_SEARCH_LIBS([dlopen]...) reports no lib is required, but tests using dlsym still require to link against -ldl. Change-Id: Ic619b0885688066b60c97caf1e2c7e5402c1d9f7
* timer: Introduce osmo_clock_gettime to override clock_gettimePau Espin Pedrol2018-03-011-2/+5
| | | | Change-Id: I5bebc6e01fc9d238065bc2517058f0ba85620349
* Embedded: add sercomm stubsMax2018-01-211-4/+9
| | | | | | | The sercomm functions are unavailable in case of embedded build. Add stub and link the tests against it. Change-Id: I9bc5cb2f822b1a3ffdc6ec29f46b6bac8288314e
* Embedded: disable stats testMax2018-01-211-1/+5
| | | | | | | | As of 67bdd80a96bdfc49d1aadbd32cca2b53f123d180 the stats.c is effectively disable so we should disable the corresponding tests as well. Change-Id: I42ff7a6619c0a5926fdc2ec779cf04689c567e15
* libosmocodec: implement ECU (Error Concealment Unit) for FRPhilipp Maier2018-01-151-2/+8
| | | | | | | | | | | When a bad GSM voice frame is received, it's being replaced by a silence frame. This may cause unpleasant audio effects. This change implements a functionality to craft a replacement frame from the last known good frame. Currently, only FR is supported, support for other codecs may be added latter. Change-Id: I06a21f60db01bfe1c2b838f93866fad1d53fdcd1
* embedded: fix testsMax2017-12-041-5/+5
| | | | | | | | | | | In case of embedded build some tests are failing to link properly. Fix it: * do not run fsm_test unless CTRL is enabled * do not run fr_test unless GB is enabled * do not link loggingrb_test with libosmovty Change-Id: Icedad5ba3ed311ccdb97fa3ccd3002f5fda8be68
* coding test: cosmetic cleanupMax2017-11-281-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | * remove duplicate code: use function from libosmocore * use utility function to dump ubits * reformat for easier reading * link against libosmocore Change-Id: I8c31b0954176a2c53305936a025c92a793b6d9b6
* Print /proc/cpuinfo before executing testsuiteHarald Welte2017-11-161-0/+1
| | | | | | | | The testsuite fails on some specific build machines in the OBS build cluster. Let's try to figure out which CPU flags they have to narrow down the cause of this. Change-Id: Ib23e5bfb3c894206fad62d6cc6151583b1bb75a6
* Move additional libraries to appropriate placeMax2017-10-301-48/+34
| | | | | | | | | | | | | According to https://www.gnu.org/software/automake/manual/automake.html#Libtool-Flags the libraries supposed to be added to *_LDADD or *_LIBADD while *_LDFLAGS should contain additional libtool linking flags. Previously we used both. Let's unify this and move all the libraries into proper automake variable. While at it - also add libosmocore.la for tests to LDADD since all the tests link against it anyway. Change-Id: Ia657a66db75df831421af5df1175a992da5ba80f
* Add tests for bitvec_write_field()Max2017-10-241-1/+5
| | | | | | | | | | | | This function is actively used by OsmoPCU but have not been covered by tests so far. The test code is based on Minh-Quang Nguyen <minh-quang.nguyen@nutaq.com> submission with some modifications. The test's FIXME will be addressed in follow-up patches. Change-Id: I2ee544256b8675bc62a42493aab66a8eeee54f90 Related: OS#1526
* add osmo_imsi_str_valid() and osmo_msisdn_str_valid()Neels Hofmeyr2017-10-051-2/+6
| | | | | | | | | Add GSM23003_IMSI_MIN_DIGITS definition. Add regression test gsm23003_test.c to test the two new functions. Will be used by OsmoHLR to validate VTY and CTRL input. Change-Id: I1e94f5b0717b947d2a7a7d36bacdf04a75cb3522
* fix vty regression: empty parent nodeNeels Hofmeyr2017-09-201-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The recent exit-by-indent patch breaks a VTY case where a node is entered but directly followed by a sibling or ancestor without listing any child nodes. Regression introduced by I24cbb3f6de111f2d31110c3c484c066f1153aac9. An example is a common usage in osmo-bts, where 'phy N' / 'instance N' is a parent node that is commonly left empty: phy 0 instance 0 bts 0 band 1800 Before this patch, this case produces the error: There is no such command. Error occurred during reading the below line: bts 0 Fix indentation parsing logic in command.c to accomodate this case. Add a unit test for empty parent node. Change-Id: Ia0880a17ae55accb092ae8585cc3a1bec9986891
* VTY: implicit node exit by de-indenting, not parent lookupNeels Hofmeyr2017-09-191-1/+12
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Note: This will break users' config files if they do not use consistent indenting. (see below for a definition of "consistent".) When reading VTY commands from a file, use indenting as means to implicitly exit child nodes.