access: the users endpoints

/admin/users: list, add (one or several), remove, disable, grant and
revoke capabilities; each one change, refused if it would lock its
writer out. Capabilities as the store's paths name them.

Auth plan M1.

7 files changed, 462 insertions, 104 deletions

diff --git a/src/access/registry.rs b/src/access/registry.rs
index 3006b31..9eafc82 100644
--- a/src/access/registry.rs
+++ b/src/access/registry.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ pub(crate) fn user_path(name: &str) -> Vec<String> {
 }
 
 /// Whether the swarm has a registry: until it has, every user a node lets in may do
-/// what all could before (`docs/access.md`, An existing swarm).
+/// everything but write protocol data (`docs/access.md`, A swarm without a registry).
 pub(crate) fn exists(doc: &impl ReadDoc) -> bool {
     store::is_map(doc, &users_dir())
 }
@@ -141,28 +141,23 @@ pub(crate) fn capability(by: &str, since: u64, path: &[String], rights: &[Right]
     })
 }
 
-/// The first users of a new swarm, as its genesis node records them (`first_users`):
-/// each name, and whether it may do everything (protocol data and managing users
-/// included), not only read and write the swarm's data.
-pub(crate) type FirstUsers = Vec<(String, bool)>;
+/// The first users of a new swarm, as its genesis node records them (`first_users`),
+/// each with everything (`all_caps`).
+pub(crate) type FirstUsers = Vec<String>;
 
-/// The first users of a new swarm, from the genesis node's `--bootstrap-users`: each may
-/// do everything. None without: then the swarm has no registry, and its users are all
-/// alike, as before there were registries (`access.md`).
+/// The first users of a new swarm, from the genesis node's `--bootstrap-users`, sorted.
+/// None without: then the swarm has no registry, and its users are all alike
+/// (`access.md`, A swarm without a registry).
 pub(crate) fn first_users(bootstrap_users: &[String]) -> FirstUsers {
     let users: std::collections::BTreeSet<&String> = bootstrap_users.iter().collect();
-    users.into_iter().map(|name| (name.clone(), true)).collect()
+    users.into_iter().cloned().collect()
 }
 
-/// The capabilities of a first user (`first_users`): the swarm's data, and for one who
-/// may do everything protocol data too.
-pub(crate) fn first_caps(admin: bool) -> Vec<(Vec<String>, &'static [Right])> {
+/// Everything, as a first user has it (`first_users`): the swarm's data and protocol
+/// data (managing users included), to read and write.
+pub(crate) fn all_caps() -> Vec<(Vec<String>, &'static [Right])> {
     const BOTH: &[Right] = &[Right::Read, Right::Write];
-    let mut caps = vec![(Vec::new(), BOTH)];
-    if admin {
-        caps.push((meta::path(&[]), BOTH));
-    }
-    caps
+    vec![(Vec::new(), BOTH), (meta::path(&[]), BOTH)]
 }
 
 /// A random ID for a capability (8 bytes, hex): concurrent grants don't collide.
@@ -250,37 +245,28 @@ mod tests {
         let names = |list: &[&str]| list.iter().map(|n| (*n).to_owned()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
         assert_eq!(
             first_users(&names(&["bob", "alice", "bob"])),
-            vec![("alice".to_owned(), true), ("bob".to_owned(), true)]
+            names(&["alice", "bob"])
         );
         // Without bootstrap users, no registry.
         assert!(first_users(&[]).is_empty());
-        let admin = Caps::new(
-            first_caps(true)
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|(path, rights)| {
-                    serde_json::from_value(capability("x", 0, &path, rights)).unwrap()
-                })
-                .collect(),
-        );
-        assert!(admin.allows(Right::Write, &path("_continuum/users/x")));
-        assert!(admin.allows(Right::Write, &path("accounts")));
-        let user = Caps::new(
-            first_caps(false)
+        let all = Caps::new(
+            all_caps()
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|(path, rights)| {
                     serde_json::from_value(capability("x", 0, &path, rights)).unwrap()
                 })
                 .collect(),
         );
-        assert!(user.allows(Right::Write, &path("accounts")));
-        assert!(!user.allows(Right::Read, &path("_continuum")));
+        assert!(all.allows(Right::Write, &path("_continuum/users/x")));
+        assert!(all.allows(Right::Write, &path("accounts")));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn who_may_manage_users() {
         let mut doc = Document::new();
-        for (name, admin) in [("alice", true), ("bob", false)] {
-            let entry = entry("x", 0, &first_caps(admin));
+        const DATA: &[Right] = &[Right::Read, Right::Write];
+        for (name, caps) in [("alice", all_caps()), ("bob", vec![(Vec::new(), DATA)])] {
+            let entry = entry("x", 0, &caps);
             change(&mut doc, |tx| {
                 store::write_path(tx, &user_path(name), &entry).unwrap()
             });
diff --git a/src/api/access.rs b/src/api/access.rs
index ade6542..63aa87b 100644
--- a/src/api/access.rs
+++ b/src/api/access.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use crate::state::AppState;
 /// What the user of a request may do (a request extension, set by `authorize`).
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub(crate) enum Access {
-    /// The swarm has no registry (one from before it, `access.md`): every user the
+    /// The swarm has no registry (`access.md`, A swarm without a registry): every user the
     /// node lets in may do what all could before; protocol data only those in
     /// `--protocol-writers` (`store::parse_write_path`).
     Everything,
@@ -138,6 +138,70 @@ pub(crate) fn prune_shallow(mut value: JsonValue, path: &[String], access: &Acce
     value
 }
 
+/// The registry as a write found it (`registry_kept`): whether it existed, and whether
+/// the writing user could manage users (`registry::managers`).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct Before {
+    existed: bool,
+    managed: bool,
+}
+
+impl Before {
+    pub(crate) fn of(doc: &impl crate::document::ReadDoc, user: &str) -> Self {
+        use crate::access::registry;
+        let existed = registry::exists(doc);
+        Self {
+            existed,
+            managed: existed
+                && registry::caps_of(doc, user)
+                    .allows(crate::access::Right::Write, &registry::users_dir()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// `409` for a write to `path` by `user` that would lock that user out of managing
+/// users: one that could and no longer may (deleting, disabling or narrowing its own
+/// entry), and the write that makes the registry, if it doesn't make `user` one who may
+/// (from then on only registered users are served). And for one that would remove
+/// the registry, back to a swarm without one. Checked in the write's transaction,
+/// after it: the write is dropped whole. Others are not kept from removing the last who
+/// may manage users: no node could keep two such writes at once on two nodes from
+/// leaving nobody once they merge; then the users in `--protocol-writers` may do
+/// everything again (`access::authorize`).
+pub(crate) fn registry_kept(
+    doc: &impl crate::document::ReadDoc,
+    path: &[String],
+    before: Before,
+    user: &str,
+) -> Result<(), super::ApiError> {
+    use crate::access::registry;
+    if !crate::document::store::paths_related(path, &registry::users_dir()) {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let refuse = |why: &str| {
+        Err(super::ApiError(
+            StatusCode::CONFLICT,
+            Some(format!("{why} (docs/access.md)")),
+        ))
+    };
+    if !registry::exists(doc) {
+        return if before.existed {
+            refuse("this would remove the user registry")
+        } else {
+            Ok(())
+        };
+    }
+    let manages =
+        registry::caps_of(doc, user).allows(crate::access::Right::Write, &registry::users_dir());
+    if !before.existed && !manages {
+        return refuse("the registry's first users must include you, with write on _continuum");
+    }
+    if before.managed && !manages {
+        return refuse("this would keep you from managing users");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 /// What an endpoint needs (`needed`).
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 enum Need {
@@ -164,6 +228,14 @@ fn needed(method: &Method, path: &str) -> Need {
         Need::Observe
     } else if under("/peers") {
         protocol(Right::Write, &[meta::FORGOTTEN])
+    } else if under("/admin/users") {
+        // Changing them is checked by their handlers too (`users::may_manage`): in a
+        // swarm without a registry, `--protocol-writers`.
+        if looking {
+            protocol(Right::Read, &[meta::USERS])
+        } else {
+            protocol(Right::Write, &[meta::USERS])
+        }
     } else if under("/admin/remakes") {
         if looking {
             protocol(Right::Read, &[meta::REMAKES])
@@ -296,6 +368,11 @@ mod tests {
             write(&[meta::REMAKES])
         );
         assert_eq!(needed(&Method::GET, "/admin/config"), read(&[]));
+        assert_eq!(
+            needed(&Method::GET, "/admin/users/alice"),
+            read(&[meta::USERS])
+        );
+        assert_eq!(needed(&Method::POST, "/admin/users"), write(&[meta::USERS]));
         assert_eq!(needed(&Method::GET, "/admin/quarantine/q"), read(&[]));
         assert_eq!(
             needed(&Method::POST, "/admin/quarantine/q/replay"),
diff --git a/src/api/mod.rs b/src/api/mod.rs
index 3e944dc..03b4fdd 100644
--- a/src/api/mod.rs
+++ b/src/api/mod.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ mod log;
 mod peers;
 mod stats;
 mod store;
+mod users;
 
 use axum::{
     Json, Router,
@@ -61,6 +62,20 @@ pub(crate) fn router(state: AppState, auth_state: AuthState, debug_api: bool) ->
         .route("/admin/changes", get(changes::get_changes))
         .route("/admin/changes/{*key}", get(changes::get_changes_at))
         .route("/admin/config", get(config::get_config))
+        .route("/admin/users", get(users::list).post(users::add_several))
+        .route(
+            "/admin/users/{name}",
+            get(users::get).post(users::add).delete(users::remove),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/admin/users/{name}/disabled",
+            axum::routing::put(users::set_disabled),
+        )
+        .route(
+            "/admin/users/{name}/caps",
+            axum::routing::post(users::grant),
+        )
+        .route("/admin/users/{name}/caps/{id}", delete(users::revoke))
         .merge(crate::remake::router::<AppState>());
 
     #[cfg(feature = "dashboard")]
diff --git a/src/api/store.rs b/src/api/store.rs
index e1f9b53..48fc2c6 100644
--- a/src/api/store.rs
+++ b/src/api/store.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use tokio::sync::broadcast;
 use tracing::{debug, error, instrument, warn};
 
-use super::access::{Access, Visible, prune, prune_shallow};
+use super::access::{Access, Before, Visible, prune, prune_shallow, registry_kept};
 use super::auth::AuthenticatedUser;
 use super::{ApiError, store_status};
 use crate::document::meta;
@@ -468,70 +468,6 @@ fn parse_write_path(
     Ok(path)
 }
 
-/// The registry as a write found it (`registry_kept`): whether it existed, and whether
-/// the writing user could manage users (`registry::managers`).
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-struct Before {
-    existed: bool,
-    managed: bool,
-}
-
-impl Before {
-    fn of(doc: &impl crate::document::ReadDoc, user: &str) -> Self {
-        use crate::access::registry;
-        let existed = registry::exists(doc);
-        Self {
-            existed,
-            managed: existed
-                && registry::caps_of(doc, user)
-                    .allows(crate::access::Right::Write, &registry::users_dir()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// `409` for a write to `path` by `user` that would lock that user out of managing
-/// users: one that could and no longer may (deleting, disabling or narrowing its own
-/// entry), and the write that makes the registry, if it doesn't make `user` one who may
-/// (from then on only registered users are served). And for one that would remove
-/// the registry, back to a swarm without one. Checked in the write's transaction,
-/// after it: the write is dropped whole. Others are not kept from removing the last who
-/// may manage users: no node could keep two such writes at once on two nodes from
-/// leaving nobody once they merge; then the users in `--protocol-writers` may do
-/// everything again (`access::authorize`).
-fn registry_kept(
-    doc: &impl crate::document::ReadDoc,
-    path: &[String],
-    before: Before,
-    user: &str,
-) -> Result<(), ApiError> {
-    use crate::access::registry;
-    if !store::paths_related(path, &registry::users_dir()) {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-    let refuse = |why: &str| {
-        Err(ApiError(
-            StatusCode::CONFLICT,
-            Some(format!("{why} (docs/access.md)")),
-        ))
-    };
-    if !registry::exists(doc) {
-        return if before.existed {
-            refuse("this would remove the user registry")
-        } else {
-            Ok(())
-        };
-    }
-    let manages =
-        registry::caps_of(doc, user).allows(crate::access::Right::Write, &registry::users_dir());
-    if !before.existed && !manages {
-        return refuse("the registry's first users must include you, with write on _continuum");
-    }
-    if before.managed && !manages {
-        return refuse("this would keep you from managing users");
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 /// How a value is shown, as the request's `Accept` asks.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
 enum Shown {
diff --git a/src/api/users.rs b/src/api/users.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e164ecd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/api/users.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+//! `/admin/users`: the swarm's users and what each may do (`access.md`), managed
+//! through the API rather than by writing the registry's entries through the store.
+//!
+//! * `GET /admin/users`: every user, its entry and whether it may manage users.
+//! * `GET /admin/users/{name}`: one.
+//! * `POST /admin/users/{name}`: adds a user, with the capabilities of the body
+//!   (`{"caps": [{"path": [...], "rights": ["read", "write"]}, …]}`, none if absent);
+//!   `409` if it exists.
+//! * `DELETE /admin/users/{name}`: removes a user (`disabled` keeps who wrote what
+//!   readable: usually the better choice).
+//! * `PUT /admin/users/{name}/disabled`: `true` or `false`.
+//! * `POST /admin/users/{name}/caps`: grants a capability (`{"path": […], "rights":
+//!   […]}`), answered with its ID; `DELETE /admin/users/{name}/caps/{id}` revokes one.
+//! * `POST /admin/users`: adds several at once, by name, each with the capabilities
+//!   `POST /admin/users/{name}` takes (`{"alice": {"caps": […]}, "bob": {…}}`); `409` if
+//!   one exists. How a swarm without a registry gets one, the caller among those who
+//!   may manage users.
+//!
+//! Looking needs `read` on `_continuum/users`, changing `write` on it (in a swarm
+//! without a registry, being in `--protocol-writers`). Every change is one change to
+//! the document, logged, named by who made it, and refused (`409`) where it would lock
+//! its maker out (`access::registry_kept`).
+
+use axum::{
+    Extension, Json,
+    extract::{Path, State},
+    http::StatusCode,
+    response::{IntoResponse, Response},
+};
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde_json::{Value as JsonValue, json};
+use tracing::info;
+
+use super::ApiError;
+use super::access::{Access, Before, registry_kept};
+use super::auth::AuthenticatedUser;
+use crate::access::{Right, registry};
+use crate::document::store;
+use crate::state::AppState;
+
+/// A capability as a request gives it.
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub(crate) struct CapRequest {
+    path: Vec<String>,
+    rights: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+impl CapRequest {
+    fn rights(&self) -> Result<Vec<Right>, ApiError> {
+        if self.rights.is_empty() {
+            return Err(bad("a capability gives at least one right"));
+        }
+        self.rights
+            .iter()
+            .map(|right| match right.as_str() {
+                "read" => Ok(Right::Read),
+                "write" => Ok(Right::Write),
+                other => Err(bad(&format!("no right {other:?}: read or write"))),
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub(crate) struct AddRequest {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    caps: Vec<CapRequest>,
+}
+
+fn bad(message: &str) -> ApiError {
+    ApiError(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST, Some(message.to_owned()))
+}
+
+fn named(name: &str) -> Result<(), ApiError> {
+    if registry::valid_name(name) {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(bad("not a user name: 1 to 64 of A-Z a-z 0-9 . _ @ -"))
+    }
+}
+
+/// `403` unless the caller may change the registry: `write` on `_continuum/users`, or
+/// in a swarm without a registry, being in `--protocol-writers` (as for writes to
+/// protocol data through the store).
+fn may_manage(state: &AppState, user: &str, access: &Access) -> Result<(), ApiError> {
+    let allowed = match access {
+        Access::Everything => state.protocol_writers.contains(user),
+        Access::Caps(caps) => caps.allows(Right::Write, &registry::users_dir()),
+    };
+    if allowed {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(ApiError(
+            StatusCode::FORBIDDEN,
+            Some("may not manage users (docs/access.md)".to_owned()),
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A user's entry as the API shows it: as recorded, and whether it may manage users.
+fn shown(doc: &impl crate::document::ReadDoc, name: &str) -> Option<JsonValue> {
+    let mut entry = store::read_path(doc, &registry::user_path(name)).ok()??;
+    let manages = registry::caps_of(doc, name).allows(Right::Write, &registry::users_dir());
+    if let Some(object) = entry.as_object_mut() {
+        object.insert("name".to_owned(), json!(name));
+        object.insert("manages".to_owned(), json!(manages));
+    }
+    Some(entry)
+}
+
+/// `GET /admin/users`.
+pub(crate) async fn list(State(state): State<AppState>) -> Json<JsonValue> {
+    let replica = state.doc.read().await;
+    let users: Vec<JsonValue> = registry::names(&replica.doc)
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|name| shown(&replica.doc, name))
+        .collect();
+    Json(json!({ "registry": registry::exists(&replica.doc), "users": users }))
+}
+
+/// `GET /admin/users/{name}`.
+pub(crate) async fn get(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    Path(name): Path<String>,
+) -> Result<Json<JsonValue>, ApiError> {
+    let replica = state.doc.read().await;
+    shown(&replica.doc, &name)
+        .map(Json)
+        .ok_or(ApiError(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND, None))
+}
+
+/// Writes to the registry what `f` writes, as `user`, logged as `what`: one change,
+/// dropped whole if it fails or would lock `user` out (`registry_kept`).
+async fn change(
+    state: &AppState,
+    user: &str,
+    what: String,
+    f: impl FnOnce(&mut crate::document::Transaction<'_>, &str, u64) -> Result<(), ApiError>
+    + Send
+    + 'static,
+) -> Result<(), ApiError> {
+    if !state.is_ready().await {
+        return Err(StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE.into());
+    }
+    let by = format!("user:{user}");
+    let writer = user.to_owned();
+    let since = state.clock.now_millis().as_u64();
+    state
+        .mutate_doc_for(Some(user.to_owned()), move |doc| {
+            let before = Before::of(&*doc, &writer);
+            f(doc, &by, since)?;
+            registry_kept(&*doc, &registry::users_dir(), before, &writer)
+        })
+        .await?;
+    info!(user = %user, "{what}");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// `POST /admin/users/{name}`.
+pub(crate) async fn add(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    Extension(user): Extension<AuthenticatedUser>,
+    Extension(access): Extension<Access>,
+    Path(name): Path<String>,
+    body: Option<Json<AddRequest>>,
+) -> Result<Response, ApiError> {
+    may_manage(&state, &user.0, &access)?;
+    named(&name)?;
+    let request = body.map(|Json(request)| request).unwrap_or_default();
+    let caps: Vec<(Vec<String>, Vec<Right>)> = request
+        .caps
+        .iter()
+        .map(|cap| Ok((cap.path.clone(), cap.rights()?)))
+        .collect::<Result<_, ApiError>>()?;
+    let path = registry::user_path(&name);
+    change(
+        &state,
+        &user.0,
+        format!("Added user {name}"),
+        move |doc, by, since| {
+            if store::read_path(&*doc, &path)?.is_some() {
+                return Err(ApiError(
+                    StatusCode::CONFLICT,
+                    Some("the user exists".to_owned()),
+                ));
+            }
+            let caps: Vec<(Vec<String>, &[Right])> = caps
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(path, rights)| (path.clone(), rights.as_slice()))
+                .collect();
+            store::write_path(doc, &path, &registry::entry(by, since, &caps))?;
+            Ok(())
+        },
+    )
+    .await?;
+    Ok(StatusCode::CREATED.into_response())
+}
+
+/// `DELETE /admin/users/{name}`.
+pub(crate) async fn remove(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    Extension(user): Extension<AuthenticatedUser>,
+    Extension(access): Extension<Access>,
+    Path(name): Path<String>,
+) -> Result<StatusCode, ApiError> {
+    may_manage(&state, &user.0, &access)?;
+    let path = registry::user_path(&name);
+    change(
+        &state,
+        &user.0,
+        format!("Removed user {name}"),
+        move |doc, _, _| {
+            store::delete_path(doc, &path, false)?;
+            Ok(())
+        },
+    )
+    .await?;
+    Ok(StatusCode::NO_CONTENT)
+}
+
+/// `PUT /admin/users/{name}/disabled`.
+pub(crate) async fn set_disabled(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    Extension(user): Extension<AuthenticatedUser>,
+    Extension(access): Extension<Access>,
+    Path(name): Path<String>,
+    Json(disabled): Json<bool>,
+) -> Result<StatusCode, ApiError> {
+    may_manage(&state, &user.0, &access)?;
+    let entry = registry::user_path(&name);
+    let what = format!(
+        "{} user {name}",
+        if disabled { "Disabled" } else { "Enabled" }
+    );
+    change(&state, &user.0, what, move |doc, _, _| {
+        if store::read_path(&*doc, &entry)?.is_none() {
+            return Err(ApiError(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND, None));
+        }
+        let mut path = entry;
+        path.push("disabled".to_owned());
+        store::write_path(doc, &path, &json!(disabled))?;
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .await?;
+    Ok(StatusCode::NO_CONTENT)
+}
+
+/// `POST /admin/users/{name}/caps`.
+pub(crate) async fn grant(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    Extension(user): Extension<AuthenticatedUser>,
+    Extension(access): Extension<Access>,
+    Path(name): Path<String>,
+    Json(cap): Json<CapRequest>,
+) -> Result<Response, ApiError> {
+    may_manage(&state, &user.0, &access)?;
+    let rights = cap.rights()?;
+    let id = registry::new_id();
+    let entry = registry::user_path(&name);
+    let mut path = entry.clone();
+    path.extend(["caps".to_owned(), id.clone()]);
+    let what = format!("Granted user {name} {:?} on {:?}", cap.rights, cap.path);
+    change(&state, &user.0, what, move |doc, by, since| {
+        if store::read_path(&*doc, &entry)?.is_none() {
+            return Err(ApiError(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND, None));
+        }
+        store::write_path(
+            doc,
+            &path,
+            &registry::capability(by, since, &cap.path, &rights),
+        )?;
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .await?;
+    Ok((StatusCode::CREATED, Json(json!({ "id": id }))).into_response())
+}
+
+/// `DELETE /admin/users/{name}/caps/{id}`.
+pub(crate) async fn revoke(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    Extension(user): Extension<AuthenticatedUser>,
+    Extension(access): Extension<Access>,
+    Path((name, id)): Path<(String, String)>,
+) -> Result<StatusCode, ApiError> {
+    may_manage(&state, &user.0, &access)?;
+    let mut path = registry::user_path(&name);
+    path.extend(["caps".to_owned(), id.clone()]);
+    change(
+        &state,
+        &user.0,
+        format!("Revoked capability {id} of user {name}"),
+        move |doc, _, _| {
+            store::delete_path(doc, &path, false)?;
+            Ok(())
+        },
+    )
+    .await?;
+    Ok(StatusCode::NO_CONTENT)
+}
+
+/// `POST /admin/users`.
+pub(crate) async fn add_several(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    Extension(user): Extension<AuthenticatedUser>,
+    Extension(access): Extension<Access>,
+    Json(request): Json<std::collections::BTreeMap<String, AddRequest>>,
+) -> Result<StatusCode, ApiError> {
+    may_manage(&state, &user.0, &access)?;
+    if request.is_empty() {
+        return Err(bad("nobody to add"));
+    }
+    let mut users = Vec::new();
+    for (name, add) in &request {
+        named(name)?;
+        let caps: Vec<(Vec<String>, Vec<Right>)> = add
+            .caps
+            .iter()
+            .map(|cap| Ok((cap.path.clone(), cap.rights()?)))
+            .collect::<Result<_, ApiError>>()?;
+        users.push((name.clone(), caps));
+    }
+    let what = format!("Added users {:?}", request.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    change(&state, &user.0, what, move |doc, by, since| {
+        for (name, caps) in &users {
+            let path = registry::user_path(name);
+            if store::read_path(&*doc, &path)?.is_some() {
+                return Err(ApiError(
+                    StatusCode::CONFLICT,
+                    Some(format!("user {name} exists")),
+                ));
+            }
+            let caps: Vec<(Vec<String>, &[Right])> = caps
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(path, rights)| (path.clone(), rights.as_slice()))
+                .collect();
+            store::write_path(doc, &path, &registry::entry(by, since, &caps))?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .await?;
+    Ok(StatusCode::CREATED)
+}
diff --git a/src/node.rs b/src/node.rs
index c172fb8..8ba1373 100644
--- a/src/node.rs
+++ b/src/node.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub(crate) struct NodeConfig {
     pub(crate) protocol_writers: HashSet<String>,
     /// On a genesis node: the swarm's first users, which it records
     /// (`access::registry::first_users`); empty elsewhere, and where none were named
-    /// (the simulations: no registry, as in a swarm from before).
+    /// (the simulations: no registry).
     pub(crate) first_users: crate::access::registry::FirstUsers,
     pub(crate) files: Arc<Files>,
     pub(crate) state_file: Option<Arc<StateFile>>,
diff --git a/src/swarm/bootstrap.rs b/src/swarm/bootstrap.rs
index a7266c7..446b846 100644
--- a/src/swarm/bootstrap.rs
+++ b/src/swarm/bootstrap.rs
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn bootstrap(state: &AppState, seeds: &[String], start: Start)
         let topology = serde_json::to_value(state.configured_ways.0).unwrap_or_default();
         let dissemination = serde_json::to_value(state.configured_ways.1).unwrap_or_default();
         // The first users, granted by this node: with the rest, so that no node sees the
-        // swarm without its registry (none named: none, as in a swarm from before).
+        // swarm without its registry (none named: none).
         let (by, since) = (
             state.local_id().to_owned(),
             state.clock.now_millis().as_u64(),
@@ -100,8 +100,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn bootstrap(state: &AppState, seeds: &[String], start: Start)
         let users: Vec<(Vec<String>, JsonValue)> = state
             .first_users
             .iter()
-            .map(|(name, admin)| {
-                let caps = crate::access::registry::first_caps(*admin);
+            .map(|name| {
+                let caps = crate::access::registry::all_caps();
                 (
                     crate::access::registry::user_path(name),
                     crate::access::registry::entry(&by, since, &caps),