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\ No newline at end of file +# Quantum Mechanical Keyboard Firmware + +[](https://travis-ci.org/jackhumbert/qmk_firmware) + +This is a keyboard firmware based on the [tmk_keyboard firmware](http://github.com/tmk/tmk_keyboard) with some useful features for Atmel AVR controllers, and more specifically, the [OLKB product line](http://olkb.com), the [ErgoDox EZ](http://www.ergodox-ez.com) keyboard, and the [Clueboard product line](http://clueboard.co/). + +## Official website + +For an easy-to-read version of this document and the repository, check out [http://qmk.fm](http://qmk.fm). Nicely formatted keyboard and keymap listings are also available there, along with the ability to download .hex files instead of having to setup a build environment and compile them. + +## Included Keyboards + +* [Planck](/keyboards/planck/) +* [Preonic](/keyboards/preonic/) +* [Atomic](/keyboards/atomic/) +* [ErgoDox EZ](/keyboards/ergodox/) +* [Clueboard](/keyboards/clueboard/) +* [Cluepad](/keyboards/cluepad/) + +The project also includes community support for [lots of other keyboards](/keyboards/). + +## Maintainers + +QMK is developed and maintained by Jack Humbert of OLKB with contributions from the community, and of course, [Hasu](https://github.com/tmk). This repo used to be a fork of [TMK](https://github.com/tmk/tmk_keyboard), and we are incredibly grateful for his founding contributions to the firmware. We've had to break the fork due to purely technical reasons - it simply became too different over time, and we've had to start refactoring some of the basic bits and pieces. We are huge fans of TMK and Hasu :) + +This documentation is edited and maintained by Erez Zukerman of ErgoDox EZ. If you spot any typos or inaccuracies, please [open an issue](https://github.com/jackhumbert/qmk_firmware/issues/new). + +The OLKB product firmwares are maintained by [Jack Humbert](https://github.com/jackhumbert), the Ergodox EZ by [Erez Zukerman](https://github.com/ezuk), and the Clueboard by [Zach White](https://github.com/skullydazed). + +## Documentation roadmap + +This is not a tiny project. While this is the main readme, there are many other files you might want to consult. Here are some points of interest: + +* The readme for your own keyboard: This is found under `keyboards/<your keyboards's name>/`. So for the ErgoDox EZ, it's [here](keyboards/ergodox/ez/); for the Planck, it's [here](keyboards/planck/) and so on. +* The list of possible keycodes you can use in your keymap is actually spread out in a few different places: + * [doc/keycode.txt](doc/keycode.txt) - an explanation of those same keycodes. + * [quantum/keymap.h](quantum/keymap.h) - this is where the QMK-specific aliases are all set up. Things like the Hyper and Meh key, the Leader key, and all of the other QMK innovations. These are also explained and documented below, but `keymap.h` is where they're actually defined. +* The [TMK documentation](doc/TMK_README.md). QMK is based on TMK, and this explains how it works internally. + +# Getting started + +Before you are able to compile, you'll need to install an environment for AVR development. You'll find the instructions for any OS below. If you find another/better way to set things up from scratch, please consider [making a pull request](https://github.com/jackhumbert/qmk_firmware/pulls) with your changes! + +## Build Environment Setup + +### Windows 10 + +It's still recommended to use the method for Vista and later below. The reason for this is that the Windows 10 Subsystem for Linux lacks [USB support](https://wpdev.uservoice.com/forums/266908-command-prompt-console-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windo/suggestions/13355724-unable-to-access-usb-devices-from-bash), so it's not possible to flash the firmware to the keyboard. Please add your vote to the link! + +That said, it's still possible to use it for compilation. And recommended, if you need to compile much, since it's much faster than at least Cygwin (which is also supported, but currently lacking documentation). I haven't tried the method below, so I'm unable to tell. + +Here are the steps + +1. Install the Windows 10 subsystem for Linux, following [these instructions](http://www.howtogeek.com/249966/how-to-install-and-use-the-linux-bash-shell-on-windows-10/). +2. If you have previously cloned the repository using the normal Git bash, you will need to clean up the line endings. If you have cloned it after 20th of August 2016, you are likely fine. To clean up the line endings do the following + 1. Make sure that you have no changes you haven't committed by running `git status`, if you do commit them first + 2. From within the Git bash run `git rm --cached -r .` + 3. Followed by `git reset --hard` +3. Start the "Bash On Ubuntu On Windows" from the start menu +4. With the bash open, navigate to your Git checkout. The harddisk can be accessed from `/mnt` for example `/mnt/c` for the `c:\` drive. +5. Run `sudo util/install_dependencies.sh`. +6. After a while the installation will finish, and you are good to go + +**Note** From time to time, the dependencies might change, so just run `install_dependencies.sh` again if things are not working. + +**Warning:** If you edit Makefiles or shell scripts, make sure you are using an editor that saves the files with Unix line endings. Otherwise the compilation might not work. + + +### Windows (Vista and later) +1. If you have ever installed WinAVR, uninstall it. +2. Install [MHV AVR Tools](https://infernoembedded.com/sites/default/files/project/MHV_AVR_Tools_20131101.exe). Disable smatch, but **be sure to leave the option to add the tools to the PATH checked**. +3. If you are going to flash Infinity based keyboards you will need to install dfu-util, refer to the instructions by [Input Club](https://github.com/kiibohd/controller/wiki/Loading-DFU-Firmware). +4. Install [MinGW](https://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw/files/Installer/mingw-get-setup.exe/download). During installation, uncheck the option to install a graphical user interface. **DO NOT change the default installation folder.** The scripts depend on the default location. +5. Clone this repository. [This link will download it as a zip file, which you'll need to extract.](https://github.com/jackhumbert/qmk_firmware/archive/master.zip) Open the extracted folder in Windows Explorer. +6. Open the `\util` folder. +7. Double-click on the `1-setup-path-win` batch script to run it. You'll need to accept a User Account Control prompt. Press the spacebar to dismiss the success message in the command prompt that pops up. +8. Right-click on the `2-setup-environment-win` batch script, select "Run as administrator", and accept the User Account Control prompt. This part may take a couple of minutes, and you'll need to approve a driver installation, but once it finishes, your environment is complete! + +If you have trouble and want to ask for help, it is useful to generate a *Win_Check_Output.txt* file by running `Win_Check.bat` in the `\util` folder. + +### Mac +If you're using [homebrew,](http://brew.sh/) you can use the following commands: + + brew tap osx-cross/avr + brew install avr-libc + brew install dfu-programmer + +This is the recommended method. If you don't have homebrew, [install it!](http://brew.sh/) It's very much worth it for anyone who works in the command line. + +You can also try these instructions: + +1. Install Xcode from the App Store. +2. Install the Command Line Tools from `Xcode->Preferences->Downloads`. +3. Install [DFU-Programmer][dfu-prog]. + +If you are going to flash Infinity based keyboards you will also need dfu-util + + brew install dfu-util + +### Linux + +To ensure you are always up to date, you can just run `sudo util/install_dependencies.sh`. That should always install all the dependencies needed. + +You can also install things manually, but this documentation might not be always up to date with all requirements. + +The current requirements are the following, but not all might be needed depending on what you do. Also note that some systems might not have all the dependencies available as packages, or they might be named differently. + +``` +build-essential +gcc +unzip +wget +zip +gcc-avr +binutils-avr +avr-libc +dfu-programmer +dfu-util +gcc-arm-none-eabi +binutils-arm-none-eabi +libnewlib-arm-none-eabi +git +``` + +Install the dependencies with your favorite package manager. + +Debian/Ubuntu example: + + sudo apt-get update + sudo apt-get install gcc unzip wget zip gcc-avr binutils-avr avr-libc dfu-programmer dfu-util gcc-arm-none-eabi binutils-arm-none-eabi libnewlib-arm-none-eabi + +### Docker + +If this is a bit complex for you, Docker might be the turn-key solution you need. After installing [Docker](https://www.docker.com/products/docker), run the following command at the root of the QMK folder to build a keyboard/keymap: + +```bash +# You'll run this every time you want to build a keymap +# modify the keymap and keyboard assigment to compile what you want +# defaults are ergodox/default + +docker run -e keymap=gwen -e keyboard=ergodox --rm -v $('pwd'):/qmk:rw edasque/qmk_firmware + +``` + +This will compile the targetted keyboard/keymap and leave it in your QMK directory for you to flash. + +### Vagrant +If you have any problems building the firmware, you can try using a tool called Vagrant. It will set up a virtual computer with a known configuration that's ready-to-go for firmware building. OLKB does NOT host the files for this virtual computer. Details on how to set up Vagrant are in the [VAGRANT_GUIDE file](doc/VAGRANT_GUIDE.md). + +## Verify Your Installation +1. If you haven't already, obtain this repository ([https://github.com/jackhumbert/qmk_firmware](https://github.com/jackhumbert/qmk_firmware)). You can either download it as a zip file and extract it, or clone it using the command line tool git or the Github Desktop application. +2. Open up a terminal or command prompt and navigate to the `qmk_firmware` folder using the `cd` command. The command prompt will typically open to your home directory. If, for example, you cloned the repository to your Documents folder, then you would type `cd Documents/qmk_firmware`. If you extracted the file from a zip, then it may be named `qmk_firmware-master` instead. +3. To confirm that you're in the correct location, you can display the contents of your current folder using the `dir` command on Windows, or the `ls` command on Linux or Mac. You should see several files, including `readme.md` and a `quantum` folder. From here, you need to navigate to the appropriate folder under `keyboards/`. For example, if you're building for a Planck, run `cd keyboards/planck`. +4. Once you're in the correct keyboard-specific folder, run the `make` command. This should output a lot of information about the build process. More information about the `make` command can be found below. + +# Customizing your keymap + +In every keymap folder, the following files are recommended: + +* `config.h` - the options to configure your keymap +* `keymap.c` - all of your keymap code, required +* `Makefile` - the features of QMK that are enabled, required to run `make` in your keymap folder +* `readme.md` - a description of your keymap, how others might use it, and explanations of features + +## The `make` command + +The `make` command is how you compile the firmware into a .hex file, which can be loaded by a dfu programmer (like dfu-progammer via `make dfu`) or the [Teensy loader](https://www.pjrc.com/teensy/loader.html) (only used with Teensys). + +**NOTE:** To abort a make command press `Ctrl-c` + +The following instruction refers to these folders. + +* The `root` (`/`) folder is the qmk_firmware folder, in which are `doc`, `keyboard`, `quantum`, etc. +* The `keyboard` folder is any keyboard project's folder, like `/keyboards/planck`. +* The `keymap` folder is any keymap's folder, like `/keyboards/planck/keymaps/default`. +* The `subproject` folder is the subproject folder of a keyboard, like `/keyboards/ergodox/ez` + +### Simple instructions for building and uploading a keyboard + +**Most keyboards have more specific instructions in the keyboard specific readme.md file, so please check that first** + +If the `keymap` folder contains a file name `Makefile` + +1. Change the directory to the `keymap` folder +2. Run `make <subproject>-<programmer>` + +Otherwise, if there's no `Makefile` in the `keymap` folder + +1. Enter the `keyboard` folder +2. Run `make <subproject>-<keymap>-<programmer>` + +In the above commands, replace: + +* `<keymap>` with the name of your keymap +* `<subproject>` with the name of the subproject (revision or sub-model of your keyboard). For example, for Ergodox it can be `ez` or `infinity`, and for Planck `rev3` or `rev4`. + * If the keyboard doesn't have a subproject, or if you are happy with the default (defined in `rules.mk` file of the `keyboard` folder), you can leave it out. But remember to also remove the dash (`-`) from the command. +* `<programmer>` The programmer to use. Most keyboards use `dfu`, but some use `teensy`. Infinity keyboards use `dfu-util`. Check the readme file in the keyboard folder to find out which programmer to use. + * If you don't add `-<programmer` to the command line, the firmware will be still be compiled into a hex file, but the upload will be skipped. + +**NOTE:** Some operating systems will refuse to program unless you run the make command as root for example `sudo make dfu` + +### More detailed make instruction + +The full syntax of the `make` command is the following, but parts of the command can be left out if you run it from other directories than the `root` (as you might already have noticed by reading the simple instructions). + +`<keyboard>-<subproject>-<keymap>-<target>`, where: + +* `<keyboard>` is the name of the keyboard, for example `planck` + * Use `allkb` to compile all keyboards +* `<subproject>` is the name of the subproject (revision or sub-model of the keyboard). For example, for Ergodox it can be `ez` or `infinity`, and for Planck `rev3` or `rev4`. + * If the keyboard doesn't have any subprojects, it can be left out + * To compile the default subproject, you can leave it out, or specify `defaultsp` + * Use `allsp` to compile all subprojects +* `<keymap>` is the name of the keymap, for example `algernon` + * Use `allkm` to compile all keymaps +* `<target>` will be explained in more detail below. + +**Note:** When you leave some parts of the command out, you should also remove the dash (`-`). + +As mentioned above, there are some shortcuts, when you are in a: + +* `keyboard` folder, the command will automatically fill the `<keyboard>` part. So you only need to type `<subproject>-<keymap>-<target>` +* `subproject` folder, it will fill in both `<keyboard>` and `<subproject>` +* `keymap` folder, then `<keyboard>` and `<keymap>` will be filled in. If you need to specify the `<subproject>` use the following syntax `<subproject>-<target>` + * Note in order to support this shortcut, the keymap needs its own Makefile (see the example [here](/doc/keymap_makefile_example.mk)) +* `keymap` folder of a `subproject`, then everything except the `<target>` will be filled in + +The `<target>` means the following +* If no target is given, then it's the same as `all` below +* `all` compiles the keyboard and generates a `<keyboard>_<keymap>.hex` file in whichever folder you run `make` from. These files are ignored by git, so don't worry about deleting them when committing/creating pull requests. +* `dfu`, `teensy` or `dfu-util`, compile and upload the firmware to the keyboard. If the compilation fails, then nothing will be uploaded. The programmer to use depends on the keyboard. For most keyboards it's `dfu`, but for Infinity keyboards you should use `dfu-util`, and `teensy` for standard Teensys. To find out which command you should use for your keyboard, check the keyboard specific readme. **Note** that some operating systems needs root access for these commands to work, so in that case you need to run for example `sudo make dfu`. +* `clean`, cleans the build output folders to make sure that everything is built from scratch. Run this before normal compilation if you have some unexplainable problems. + +Some other targets are supported but, but not important enough to be documented here. Check the source code of the make files for more information. + +You can also add extra options at the end of the make command line, after the target + +* `make COLOR=false` - turns off color output +* `make SILENT=true` - turns off output besides errors/warnings +* `make VERBOSE=true` - outputs all of the gcc stuff (not interesting, unless you need to debug) + +The make command itself also has some additional options, type `make --help` for more information. The most useful is probably `-jx`, which specifies that you want to compile using more than one CPU, the `x` represents the number of CPUs that you want to use. Setting that can greatly reduce the compile times, especially if you are compiling many keyboards/keymaps. I usually set it to one less than the number of CPUs that I have, so that I have some left for doing other things while it's compiling. Note that not all operating systems and make versions supports that option. + +Here are some examples commands + +* `make allkb-allsp-allkm` builds everything (all keyboards, all subprojects, all keymaps). Running just `make` from the `root` will also run this. +* `make` from within a `keyboard` directory, is the same as `make keyboard-allsp-allkm`, which compiles all subprojects and keymaps of the keyboard. **NOTE** that this behaviour has changed. Previously it compiled just the default keymap. +* `make ergodox-infinity-algernon-clean` will clean the build output of the Ergodox Infinity keyboard. This example uses the full syntax and can be run from any folder with a `Makefile` +* `make dfu COLOR=false` from within a keymap folder, builds and uploads the keymap, but without color output. + +## The `Makefile` + +There are 5 different `make` and `Makefile` locations: + +* root (`/`) +* keyboard (`/keyboards/<keyboard>/`) +* keymap (`/keyboards/<keyboard>/keymaps/<keymap>/`) +* subproject (`/keyboards/<keyboard>/<subproject>`) +* subproject keymap (`/keyboards/<keyboard>/<subproject>/keymaps/<keymap>`) + +The root contains the code used to automatically figure out which keymap or keymaps to compile based on your current directory and commandline arguments. It's considered stable, and shouldn't be modified. The keyboard one will contain the MCU set-up and default settings for your keyboard, and shouldn't be modified unless you are the producer of that keyboard. The keymap Makefile can be modified by users, and is optional. It is included automatically if it exists. You can see an example [here](/doc/keymap_makefile_example.mk) - the last few lines are the most important. The settings you set here will override any defaults set in the keyboard Makefile. **The file is required if you want to run `make` in the keymap folder.** + +For keyboards and subprojects, the make files are split in two parts `Makefile` and `rules.mk`. All settings can be found in the `rules.mk` file, while the `Makefile` is just there for support and including the root `Makefile`. Keymaps contain just one `Makefile` for simplicity. + +### Makefile options + +Set the variables to `no` to disable them, and `yes` to enable them. + +`BOOTMAGIC_ENABLE` + +This allows you to hold a key and the salt key (space by default) and have access to a various EEPROM settings that persist over power loss. It's advised you keep this disabled, as the settings are often changed by accident, and produce confusing results that makes it difficult to debug. It's one of the more common problems encountered in help sessions. + +`MOUSEKEY_ENABLE` + +This gives you control over cursor movements and clicks via keycodes/custom functions. + +`EXTRAKEY_ENABLE` + +This allows you to use the system and audio control key codes. + +`CONSOLE_ENABLE` + +This allows you to print messages that can be read using [`hid_listen`](https://www.pjrc.com/teensy/hid_listen.html). + +By default, all debug (*dprint*) print (*print*, *xprintf*), and user print (*uprint*) messages will be enabled. This will eat up a significant portion of the flash and may make the keyboard .hex file too big to program. + +To disable debug messages (*dprint*) and reduce the .hex file size, include `#define NO_DEBUG` in your `config.h` file. + +To disable print messages (*print*, *xprintf*) and user print messages (*uprint*) and reduce the .hex file size, include `#define NO_PRINT` in your `config.h` file. + +To disable print messages (*print*, *xprintf*) and **KEEP** user print messages (*uprint*), include `#define USER_PRINT` in your `config.h` file. + +To see the text, open `hid_listen` and enjoy looking at your printed messages. + +**NOTE:** Do not include *uprint* messages in anything other than your keymap code. It must not be used within the QMK system framework. Otherwise, you will bloat other people's .hex files. + +`COMMAND_ENABLE` + +This enables magic commands, typically fired with the default magic key combo `LSHIFT+RSHIFT+KEY`. Magic commands include turning on debugging messages (`MAGIC+D`) or temporarily toggling NKRO (`MAGIC+N`). + +`SLEEP_LED_ENABLE` + +Enables your LED to breath while your computer is sleeping. Timer1 is being used here. This feature is largely unused and untested, and needs updating/abstracting. + +`NKRO_ENABLE` + +This allows the keyboard to tell the host OS that up to 248 keys are held down at once (default without NKRO is 6). NKRO is off by default, even if `NKRO_ENABLE` is set. NKRO can be forced by adding `#define FORCE_NKRO` to your config.h or by binding `MAGIC_TOGGLE_NKRO` to a key and then hitting the key. + +`BACKLIGHT_ENABLE` + +This enables your backlight on Timer1 and ports B5, B6, or B7 (for now). You can specify your port by putting this in your `config.h`: + + #define BACKLIGHT_PIN B7 + +`MIDI_ENABLE` + +This enables MIDI sending and receiving with your keyboard. To enter MIDI send mode, you can use the keycode `MI_ON`, and `MI_OFF` to turn it off. This is a largely untested feature, but more information can be found in the `quantum/quantum.c` file. + +`UNICODE_ENABLE` + +This allows you to send unicode symbols via `UC(<unicode>)` in your keymap. Only codes up to 0x7FFF are currently supported. + +`BLUETOOTH_ENABLE` + +This allows you to interface with a Bluefruit EZ-key to send keycodes wirelessly. It uses the D2 and D3 pins. + +`AUDIO_ENABLE` + +This allows you output audio on the C6 pin (needs abstracting). See the [audio section](#driving-a-speaker---audio-support) for more information. + +### Customizing Makefile options on a per-keymap basis + +If your keymap directory has a file called `Makefile` (note the filename), any Makefile options you set in that file will take precedence over other Makefile options for your particular keyboard. + +So let's say your keyboard's makefile has `BACKLIGHT_ENABLE = yes` (or maybe doesn't even list the `BACKLIGHT_ENABLE` option, which would cause it to be off). You want your particular keymap to not have the debug console, so you make a file called `Makefile` and specify `BACKLIGHT_ENABLE = no`. + +You can use the `doc/keymap_makefile_example.md` as a template/starting point. + +## The `config.h` file + +There are 2 `config.h` locations: + +* keyboard (`/keyboards/<keyboard>/`) +* keymap (`/keyboards/<keyboard>/keymaps/<keymap>/`) + +The keyboard `config.h` is included only if the keymap one doesn't exist. The format to use for your custom one [is here](/doc/keymap_config_h_example.h). If you want to override a setting from the parent `config.h` file, you need to do this: + +```c +#undef MY_SETTING +#define MY_SETTING 4 +``` + +For a value of `4` for this imaginary setting. So we `undef` it first, then `define` it. + +You can then override any settings, rather than having to copy and paste the whole thing. + +# Going beyond the keycodes + +Aside from the [basic keycodes](doc/keycode.txt), your keymap can include shortcuts to common operations. + +## Quick aliases to common actions + +Your keymap can include shortcuts to common operations (called "function actions" in tmk). + +These functions work the same way that their `ACTION_*` functions do - they're just quick aliases. To dig into all of the tmk `ACTION_*` functions, please see the [TMK documentation](https://github.com/jackhumbert/qmk_firmware/blob/master/doc/keymap.md#2-action). + +Instead of using `FNx` when defining `ACTION_*` functions, you can use `F(x)` - the benefit here is being able to use more than 32 function actions (up to 4096), if you happen to need them. + +### Switching and toggling layers + +`MO(layer)` - momentary switch to *layer*. As soon as you let go of the key, the layer is deactivated and you pop back out to the previous layer. When you apply this to a key, that same key must be set as `KC_TRNS` on the destination layer. Otherwise, you won't make it back to the original layer when you release the key (and you'll get a keycode sent). You can only switch to layers *above* your current layer. If you're on layer 0 and you use `MO(1)`, that will switch to layer 1 just fine. But if you include `MO(3)` on layer 5, that won't do anything for you -- because layer 3 is lower than layer 5 on the stack. + +`OSL(layer)` - momentary switch to *layer*, as a one-shot operation. So if you have a key that's defined as `OSL(1)`, and you tap that key, then only the very next keystroke would come from layer 1. You would drop back to layer zero immediately after that one keystroke. That's handy if you have a layer full of custom shortcuts -- for example, a dedicated key for closing a window. So you tap your one-shot layer mod, then tap that magic 'close window' key, and keep typing like a boss. Layer 1 would remain active as long as you hold that key down, too (so you can use it like a momentary toggle-layer key with extra powers). + +`LT(layer, kc)` - momentary switch to *layer* when held, and *kc* when tapped. Like `MO()`, this only works upwards in the layer stack (`layer` must be higher than the current layer). + +`TG(layer)` - toggles a layer on or off. As with `MO()`, you should set this key as `KC_TRNS` in the destination layer so that tapping it again actually toggles back to the original layer. Only works upwards in the layer stack. + + +### Fun with modifier keys + +* `LSFT(kc)` - applies left Shift to *kc* (keycode) - `S(kc)` is an alias +* `RSFT(kc)` - applies right Shift to *kc* +* `LCTL(kc)` - applies left Control to *kc* +* `RCTL(kc)` - applies right Control to *kc* +* `LALT(kc)` - applies left Alt to *kc* +* `RALT(kc)` - applies right Alt to *kc* +* `LGUI(kc)` - applies left GUI (command/win) to *kc* +* `RGUI(kc)` - applies right GUI (command/win) to *kc* +* `HYPR(kc)` - applies Hyper (all modifiers) to *kc* +* `MEH(kc)` - applies Meh (all modifiers except Win/Cmd) to *kc* +* `LCAG(kc)` - applies CtrlAltGui to *kc* + +You can also chain these, like this: + + LALT(LCTL(KC_DEL)) -- this makes a key that sends Alt, Control, and Delete in a single keypress. + +The following shortcuts automatically add `LSFT()` to keycodes to get commonly used symbols. Their long names are also available and documented in `/quantum/keymap_common.h`. + + KC_TILD ~ + KC_EXLM ! + KC_AT @ + KC_HASH # + KC_DLR $ + KC_PERC % + KC_CIRC ^ + KC_AMPR & + KC_ASTR * + KC_LPRN ( + KC_RPRN ) + KC_UNDS _ + KC_PLUS + + KC_DQUO " + KC_LCBR { + KC_RCBR } + KC_LABK < + KC_RABK > + KC_PIPE | + KC_COLN : + +`OSM(mod)` - this is a "one shot" modifier. So let's say you have your left Shift key defined as `OSM(MOD_LSFT)`. Tap it, let go, and Shift is "on" -- but only for the next character you'll type. So to write "The", you don't need to hold down Shift -- you tap it, tap t, and move on with life. And if you hold down the left Shift key, it just works as a left Shift key, as you would expect (so you could type THE). There's also a magical, secret way to "lock" a modifier by tapping it multiple times. If you want to learn more about that, open an issue. :) + +`MT(mod, kc)` - is *mod* (modifier key - MOD_LCTL, MOD_LSFT) when held, and *kc* when tapped. In other words, you can have a key that sends Esc (or the letter O or whatever) when you tap it, but works as a Control key or a Shift key when you hold it down. + +These are the values you can use for the `mod` in `MT()` and `OSM()` (right-hand modifiers are not available for `MT()`): + + * MOD_LCTL + * MOD_LSFT + * MOD_LALT + * MOD_LGUI + * MOD_HYPR + * MOD_MEH + +These can also be combined like `MOD_LCTL | MOD_LSFT` e.g. `MT(MOD_LCTL | MOD_LSFT, KC_ESC)` which would activate Control and Shift when held, and send Escape when tapped. + +We've added shortcuts to make common modifier/tap (mod-tap) mappings more compact: + + * `CTL_T(kc)` - is LCTL when held and *kc* when tapped + * `SFT_T(kc)` - is LSFT when held and *kc* when tapped + * `ALT_T(kc)` - is LALT when held and *kc* when tapped + * `GUI_T(kc)` - is LGUI when held and *kc* when tapped + * `ALL_T(kc)` - is Hyper (all mods) when held and *kc* when tapped. To read more about what you can do with a Hyper key, see [this blog post by Brett Terpstra](http://brettterpstra.com/2012/12/08/a-useful-caps-lock-key/) + * `LCAG_T(kc)` - is CtrlAltGui when held and *kc* when tapped + * `MEH_T(kc)` - is like Hyper, but not as cool -- does not include the Cmd/Win key, so just sends Alt+Ctrl+Shift. + +## Space Cadet Shift: The future, built in + +Steve Losh [described](http://stevelosh.com/blog/2012/10/a-modern-space-cadet/) the Space Cadet Shift quite well. Essentially, you hit the left Shift on its own, and you get an opening parenthesis; hit the right Shift on its own, and you get the closing one. When hit with other keys, the Shift key keeps working as it always does. Yes, it's as cool as it sounds. + +To use it, use `KC_LSPO` (Left Shift, Parens Open) for your left Shift on your keymap, and `KC_RSPC` (Right Shift, Parens Close) for your right Shift. + +It's defaulted to work on US keyboards, but if your layout uses different keys for parenthesis, you can define those in your `config.h` like this: + + #define LSPO_KEY KC_9 + #define RSPC_KEY KC_0 + +You can also choose between different rollover behaviors of the shift keys by defining: + + #define DISABLE_SPACE_CADET_ROLLOVER + +in your `config.h`. Disabling rollover allows you to use the opposite shift key to cancel the space cadet state in the event of an erroneous press instead of emitting a pair of parentheses when the keys are released. + +The only other thing you're going to want to do is create a `Makefile` in your keymap directory and set the following: + +``` +COMMAND_ENABLE = no # Commands for debug and configuration +``` + +This is just to keep the keyboard from going into command mode when you hold both Shift keys at the same time. + +## The Leader key: A new kind of modifier + +If you've ever used Vim, you know what a Leader key is. If not, you're about to discover a wonderful concept. :) Instead of hitting Alt+Shift+W for example (holding down three keys at the same time), what if you could hit a _sequence_ of keys instead? So you'd hit our special modifier (the Leader key), followed by W and then C (just a rapid succession of keys), and something would happen. + +That's what `KC_LEAD` does. Here's an example: + +1. Pick a key on your keyboard you want to use as the Leader key. Assign it the keycode `KC_LEAD`. This key would be dedicated just for this -- it's a single action key, can't be used for anything else. +2. Include the line `#define LEADER_TIMEOUT 300` somewhere in your keymap.c file, probably near the top. The 300 there is 300ms -- that's how long you have for the sequence of keys following the leader. You can tweak this value for comfort, of course. +3. Within your `matrix_scan_user` function, do something like this: + +``` +LEADER_EXTERNS(); + +void matrix_scan_user(void) { + LEADER_DICTIONARY() { + leading = false; + leader_end(); + + SEQ_ONE_KEY(KC_F) { + register_code(KC_S); + unregister_code(KC_S); + } + SEQ_TWO_KEYS(KC_A, KC_S) { + register_code(KC_H); + unregister_code(KC_H); + } + SEQ_THREE_KEYS(KC_A, KC_S, KC_D) { + register_code(KC_LGUI); + register_code(KC_S); + unregister_code(KC_S); + unregister_code(KC_LGUI); + } + } +} +``` + +As you can see, you have three function. you can use - `SEQ_ONE_KEY` for single-key sequences (Leader followed by just one key), and `SEQ_TWO_KEYS` and `SEQ_THREE_KEYS` for longer sequences. Each of these accepts one or more keycodes as arguments. This is an important point: You can use keycodes from **any layer on your keyboard**. That layer would need to be active for the leader macro to fire, obviously. + +## Tap Dance: A single key can do 3, 5, or 100 different things + +Hit the semicolon key once, send a semicolon. Hit it twice, rapidly -- send a colon. Hit it three times, and your keyboard's LEDs do a wild dance. That's just one example of what Tap Dance can do. It's one of the nicest community-contributed features in the firmware, conceived and created by [algernon](https://github.com/algernon) in [#451](https://github.com/jackhumbert/qmk_firmware/pull/451). Here's how algernon describes the feature: + +With this feature one can specify keys that behave differently, based on the amount of times they have been tapped, and when interrupted, they get handled before the interrupter. + +To make it clear how this is different from `ACTION_FUNCTION_TAP`, lets explore a certain setup! We want one key to send `Space` on single tap, but `Enter` on double-tap. + +With `ACTION_FUNCTION_TAP`, it is quite a rain-dance to set this up, and has the problem that when the sequence is interrupted, the interrupting key will be send first. Thus, `SPC a` will result in `a SPC` being sent, if they are typed within `TAPPING_TERM`. With the tap dance feature, that'll come out as `SPC a`, correctly. + +The implementation hooks into two parts of the system, to achieve this: into `process_record_quantum()`, and the matrix scan. We need the latter to be able to time out a tap sequence even when a key is not being pressed, so `SPC` alone will time out and register after `TAPPING_TERM` time. + +But lets start with how to use it, first! + +First, you will need `TAP_DANCE_ENABLE=yes` in your `Makefile`, because the feature is disabled by default. This adds a little less than 1k to the firmware size. Next, you will want to define some tap-dance keys, which is easiest to do with the `TD()` macro, that - similar to `F()`, takes a number, which will later be used as an index into the `tap_dance_actions` array. + +This array specifies what actions shall be taken when a tap-dance key is in action. Currently, there are three possible options: + +* `ACTION_TAP_DANCE_DOUBLE(kc1, kc2)`: Sends the `kc1` keycode when tapped once, `kc2` otherwise. When the key is held, the appropriate keycode is registered: `kc1` when pressed and held, `kc2` when tapped once, then pressed and held. +* `ACTION_TAP_DANCE_FN(fn)`: Calls the specified function - defined in the user keymap - with the final tap count of the tap dance action. +* `ACTION_TAP_DANCE_FN_ADVANCED(on_each_tap_fn, on_dance_finished_fn, on_reset_fn)`: Calls the first specified function - defined in the user keymap - on every tap, the second function on when the dance action finishes (like the previous option), and the last function when the tap dance action resets. + +The first option is enough for a lot of cases, that just want dual roles. For example, `ACTION_TAP_DANCE(KC_SPC, KC_ENT)` will result in `Space` being sent on single-tap, `Enter` otherwise. + +And that's the bulk of it! + +And now, on to the explanation of how it works! + +The main entry point is `process_tap_dance()`, called from `process_record_quantum()`, which is run for every keypress, and our handler gets to run early. This function checks whether the key pressed is a tap-dance key. If it is not, and a tap-dance was in action, we handle that first, and enqueue the newly pressed key. If it is a tap-dance key, then we check if it is the same as the already active one (if there's one active, that is). If it is not, we fire off the old one first, then register the new one. If it was the same, we increment the counter and the timer. + +This means that you have `TAPPING_TERM` time to tap the key again, you do not have to input all the taps within that timeframe. This allows for longer tap counts, with minimal impact on responsiveness. + +Our next stop is `matrix_scan_tap_dance()`. This handles the timeout of tap-dance keys. + +For the sake of flexibility, tap-dance actions can be either a pair of keycodes, or a user function. The latter allows one to handle higher tap counts, or do extra things, like blink the LEDs, fiddle with the backlighting, and so on. This is accomplished by using an union, and some clever macros. + +### Examples + +Here's a simple example for a single definition: + +1. In your `makefile`, add `TAP_DANCE_ENABLE = yes` +2. In your `config.h` (which you can copy from `qmk_firmware/keyboards/planck/config.h` to your keymap directory), add `#define TAPPING_TERM 200` +3. In your `keymap.c` file, define the variables and definitions, then add to your keymap: + +```c +//Tap Dance Declarations +enum { + TD_ESC_CAPS = 0 +}; + +//Tap Dance Definitions +qk_tap_dance_action_t tap_dance_actions[] = { + //Tap once for Esc, twice for Caps Lock + [TD_ESC_CAPS] = ACTION_TAP_DANCE_DOUBLE(KC_ESC, KC_CAPS) +// Other declarations would go here, separated by commas, if you have them +}; + +//In Layer declaration, add tap dance item in place of a key code +TD(TD_ESC_CAPS) +``` + +Here's a more complex example involving custom actions: + +```c +enum { + CT_SE = 0, + CT_CLN, + CT_EGG, + CT_FLSH, +}; + +/* Have the above three on the keymap, TD(CT_SE), etc... */ + +void dance_cln_finished (qk_tap_dance_state_t *state, void *user_data) { + if (state->count == 1) { + register_code (KC_RSFT); + register_code (KC_SCLN); + } else { + register_code (KC_SCLN); + } +} + +void dance_cln_reset (qk_tap_dance_state_t *state, void *user_data) { + if (state->count == 1) { + unregister_code (KC_RSFT); + unregister_code (KC_SCLN); + } else { + unregister_code (KC_SCLN); + } +} + +void dance_egg (qk_tap_dance_state_t *state, void *user_data) { + if (state->count >= 100) { + SEND_STRING ("Safety dance!"); + reset_tap_dance (state); + } +} + +// on each tap, light up one led, from right to left +// on the forth tap, turn them off from right to left +void dance_flsh_each(qk_tap_dance_state_t *state, void *user_data) { + switch (state->count) { + case 1: + ergodox_right_led_3_on(); + break; + case 2: + ergodox_right_led_2_on(); + break; + case 3: + ergodox_right_led_1_on(); + break; + case 4: + ergodox_right_led_3_off(); + _delay_ms(50); + ergodox_right_led_2_off(); + _delay_ms(50); + ergodox_right_led_1_off(); + } +} + +// on the fourth tap, set the keyboard on flash state +void dance_flsh_finished(qk_tap_dance_state_t *state, void *user_data) { + if (state->count >= 4) { + reset_keyboard(); + reset_tap_dance(state); + } +} + +// if the flash state didnt happen, then turn off leds, left to right +void dance_flsh_reset(qk_tap_dance_state_t *state, void *user_data) { + ergodox_right_led_1_off(); + _delay_ms(50); + ergodox_right_led_2_off(); + _delay_ms(50); + ergodox_right_led_3_off(); +} + +qk_tap_dance_action_t tap_dance_actions[] = { + [CT_SE] = ACTION_TAP_DANCE_DOUBLE (KC_SPC, KC_ENT) + ,[CT_CLN] = ACTION_TAP_DANCE_FN_ADVANCED (NULL, dance_cln_finished, dance_cln_reset) + ,[CT_EGG] = ACTION_TAP_DANCE_FN (dance_egg) + ,[CT_FLSH] = ACTION_TAP_DANCE_FN_ADVANCED (dance_flsh_each, dance_flsh_finished, dance_flsh_reset) +}; +``` + +## Temporarily setting the default layer + +`DF(layer)` - sets default layer to *layer*. The default layer is the one at the "bottom" of the layer stack - the ultimate fallback layer. This currently does not persist over power loss. When you plug the keyboard back in, layer 0 will always be the default. It is theoretically possible to work around that, but that's not what `DF` does. + +## Prevent stuck modifiers + +Consider the following scenario: + +1. Layer 0 has a key defined as Shift. +2. The same key is defined on layer 1 as the letter A. +3. User presses Shift. +4. User switches to layer 1 for whatever reason. +5. User releases Shift, or rather the letter A. +6. User switches back to layer 0. + +Shift was actually never released and is still considered pressed. + +If such situation bothers you add this to your `config.h`: + + #define PREVENT_STUCK_MODIFIERS + +This option uses 5 bytes of memory per every 8 keys on the keyboard +rounded up (5 bits per key). For example on Planck (48 keys) it uses +(48/8)\*5 = 30 bytes. + +## Macro shortcuts: Send a whole string when pressing just one key + +Instead of using the `ACTION_MACRO` function, you can simply use `M(n)` to access macro *n* - *n* will get passed into the `action_get_macro` as the `id`, and you can use a switch statement to trigger it. This gets called on the keydown and keyup, so you'll need to use an if statement testing `record->event.pressed` (see keymap_default.c). + +```c +const macro_t *action_get_macro(keyrecord_t *record, uint8_t id, uint8_t opt) // this is the function signature -- just copy/paste it into your keymap file as it is. +{ + switch(id) { + case 0: // this would trigger when you hit a key mapped as M(0) + if (record->event.pressed) { + return MACRO( I(255), T(H), T(E), T(L), T(L), W(255), T(O), END ); // this sends the string 'hello' when the macro executes + } + break; + } + return MACRO_NONE; +}; +``` +A macro can include the following commands: + +* I() change interval of stroke in milliseconds. +* D() press key. +* U() release key. +* T() type key(press and release). +* W() wait (milliseconds). +* END end mark. + +So above you can see the stroke interval changed to 255ms between each keystroke, then a bunch of keys being typed, waits a while, then the macro ends. + +Note: Using macros to have your keyboard send passwords for you is possible, but a bad idea. + +### Advanced macro functions + +To get more control over the keys/actions your keyboard takes, the following functions are available to you in the `action_get_macro` function block: + +* `record->event.pressed` + +This is a boolean value that can be tested to see if the switch is being pressed or released. An example of this is + +```c +if (record->event.pressed) { + // on keydown +} else { + // on keyup +} +``` + +* `register_code(<kc>);` + +This sends the `<kc>` keydown event to the computer. Some examples would be `KC_ESC`, `KC_C`, `KC_4`, and even modifiers such as `KC_LSFT` and `KC_LGUI`. + +* `unregister_code(<kc>);` + +Parallel to `register_code` function, this sends the `<kc>` keyup event to the computer. If you don't use this, the key will be held down until it's sent. + +* `layer_on(<n>);` + +This will turn on the layer `<n>` - the higher layer number will always take priority. Make sure you have `KC_TRNS` for the key you're pressing on the layer you're switching to, or you'll get stick there unless you have another plan. + +* `layer_off(<n>);` + +This will turn off the layer `<n>`. + +* `clear_keyboard();` + +This will clear all mods and keys currently pressed. + +* `clear_mods();` + +This will clear all mod |